Revisiting the case of R Monocerotis: Is CO removed at R

Context. To our knowledge, R Mon is the only B0 star in which a gaseous Keplerian disk has been detected. However, there is some controversy about the spectral type of R Mon. Some authors propose that it could be a later B8e star, where disks are more common. Aims. Our goal is to re-evaluate the R Mon spectral type and characterize its protoplanetary disk. Methods. The spectral type of R Mon has been re-evaluated using the available continuum data and UVES emission lines. We used a power-law disk model to fit previous12CO 1 →0 and 2 →1 interferometric observations and the PACS CO data to investigate the disk structure. Interferometric detections of13CO J = 1 →0, HCO+1 →0, and CN 1 →0 lines using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) are presented. The HCN 1 →0 line was not detected. Results. Our analysis confirms that R Mon is a B0 star. The disk model compatible with the12CO 1 →0 and 2 →1 interferometric observations falls short of predicting the observed fluxes of the 14 < Ju< 31 PACS lines; this is consistent with the scenario in which some contribution to these lines is coming from a warm envelope and/or UV-illuminated outflow walls. More interestingly, the upper limits to the fluxes of the Ju> 31 CO lines suggest the existence of a region empty of CO at R ? 20 au in the protoplanetary disk. The intense emission of the HCO+and CN lines shows the strong influence of UV photons on gas chemistry. Conclusions. The observations gathered in this paper are consistent with the presence of a transition disk with a cavity of Rin≥ 20 au around R Mon. This size is similar to the photoevaporation radius that supports the interpretation that UV photoevaporation is main disk dispersal mechanism in massive stars

Trigger and Aperture of the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS) generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy, from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector, amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with energy above $3\times 10^{18}$ eV, for all zenith angles between 0$^\circ$ and 60$^\circ$, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical acceptance.Comment: 29 pages, 12 figure

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Ultrahigh energy neutrinos at the Pierre Auger observatory

The observation of ultrahigh energy neutrinos (UHEνs) has become a priority in experimental astroparticle physics. UHEνs can be detected with a variety of techniques. In particular, neutrinos can interact in the atmosphere (downward-going ν) or in the Earth crust (Earth-skimming ν), producing air showers that can be observed with arrays of detectors at the ground. With the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory we can detect these types of cascades. The distinguishing signature for neutrino events is the presence of very inclined showers produced close to the ground (i.e., after having traversed a large amount of atmosphere). In this work we review the procedure and criteria established to search for UHEνs in the data collected with the ground array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. This includes Earth-skimming as well as downward-going neutrinos. No neutrino candidates have been found, which allows us to place competitive limits to the diffuse flux of UHEνs in the EeV range and above.P. Abreu ... K. B. Barber ... J. A. Bellido ... R. W. Clay ... M. J. Cooper ... B. R. Dawson ... T. A. Harrison ... A. E. Herve ... V. C. Holmes ... J. Sorokin ... P. Wahrlich ... B. J. Whelan ... et al

100 hours of astronomy at the Mexican northern border

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Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8\ub10.7(stat)\ub16.7(syst)\u2009\u2009MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principles calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Impacto del proyecto PERSECC en la productividad de las MYPES de calzado de la ciudad de Trujillo, 2017

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como propósito determinar el impacto del proyecto creado por la Oficina de Proyectos de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de CITEccal Trujillo, el “Proyecto de Reactivación del Sector Cuero y Calzado” en la productividad de las MYPES del sector calzado en relación con la incidencia que tenga este con el comportamiento de las ventas, producción y demás indicadores de las empresas que aplicaron a PERSECC durante el año 2017, con la finalidad de demostrar la labor del Estado al tomar medidas orientadas a elevar los niveles de competitividad de las empresas en estudio en relación a la reactivación de dicho sector. Para el desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación, se utilizaron fuentes de información primaria debido a que serán documentos directos que se obtendrán de la oficina de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de CITEccal Trujillo. Para esto, se tuvo en cuenta el análisis de la documentación de los datos recopilados del registro anual y evolución trimestral de ventas, producción, capacidad instalada, capacidad productiva, inversión en I+D+i, recurso humano, plan de acción del programa PERSECC, los cuales fueron facilitados directamente del área de la oficina de proyectos I+D+i para la realización del proyecto. Luego, se recopilaron los datos a través del análisis documental para ser procesados en tablas y gráficos, en seguida se determinaron las medias usando la Prueba T - Student para datos relacionados (muestras dependientes). Finalmente para medir la relación entre las variables en estudio se calculó el valor de probabilidad estadístico por el cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la hipótesis alternativa. De esta manera, la investigación llega a la conclusión que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores trimestrales de todos los indicadores analizados de las MYPES de calzado de la ciudad de Trujillo anteriores y posteriores de la aplicación del proyecto PERSECC, lo que significa que el proyecto PERSECC incide de manera significativa en la evolución de los indicadores de la productividad de cada una de las empresas del sector Calzado que aplicaron al proyecto. La principal recomendación que se hace al área de Proyectos I+D+i, es que el jefe de Proyectos autorice la continuación de la aplicación anual del Proyecto PERSECC con la finalidad de ampliar la participación de más MYPES, manteniendo un continuo control del registro de la data con respecto a la evaluación y seguimiento de indicadores en la mejora de su productividad y de esta manera, definir mejor el apoyo de la labor que viene realizando el CITEccal Trujillo para el aumento de la competitividad de las empresas del sector calzado. Palabras clave: Proyecto, Soporte Productivo, I+D, Productividad, Mypes (Micro y Pequeñas Empresas), Sector Calzado, Producción Calzado, Comercio Calzado.ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of the project created by the Research, Development and Innovation Projects Office of CITEccal Trujillo, the "PERSECC" project in the productivity of the MSEs of the footwear sector in relation to the impact that this has with the behavior of sales, production and other indicators of the companies that applied to PERSECC during the year 2017, in order to demonstrate the work of the State to take measures aimed at raising the levels of competitiveness of companies under study in relation to the reactivation of this sector. For the development of this research work, primary information sources were used because they will be direct documents that will be obtained from the Research, Development and Innovation office of CITEccal Trujillo. For this, the analysis of the documentation of the annual record and quarterly evolution of sales, production, installed capacity, productive capacity, investment in R & D & I, human resources, action plan of the PERSECC program was taken account, which were provided directly from the area of the R + D + i project office for the realization of the project. Then, the data was collected through the documentary analysis to be processed in tables and graphs, consequently sample means were determined using the T - Student test for related data (dependent samples). Finally, to measure the relationship between the variables under study, it has been estimated the statistical probability value by which the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The main recommendation made to the area of R + D + i Projects, is that the Project Manager continues to authorize the application of the PERSECC Project in the coming years in order to expand the participation of more MYPES, maintaining a continuous control of the registry of the data with respect to the evaluation and monitoring of indicators to improve their productivity and, in this way, better define the support of the work that CITEccal Trujillo has been doing to increase the competitiveness of companies in the footwear sector

Evaluating the incidence of pathological complete response in current international rectal cancer practice: the barriers to widespread safe deferral of surgery

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: , which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.14361. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions."Colorectal Disease © 2018 The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland Introduction: The mainstay of management for locally advanced rectal cancer is chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection. Following chemoradiotherapy, a complete response may be detected clinically and radiologically (cCR) prior to surgery or pathologically after surgery (pCR). We aim to report the overall complete pathological response (pCR) rate and the reliability of detecting a cCR by conventional pre-operative imaging. Methods: A pre-planned analysis of the European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) 2017 audit was performed. Patients treated by elective rectal resection were included. A pCR was defined as a ypT0 N0 EMVI negative primary tumour; a partial response represented any regression from baseline staging following chemoradiotherapy. The primary endpoint was the pCR rate. The secondary endpoint was agreement between post-treatment MRI restaging (yMRI) and final pathological staging. Results: Of 2572 patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery in 277 participating centres across 44 countries, 673 (26.2%) underwent chemoradiotherapy and surgery. The pCR rate was 10.3% (67/649), with a partial response in 35.9% (233/649) patients. Comparison of AJCC stage determined by post-treatment yMRI with final pathology showed understaging in 13% (55/429) and overstaging in 34% (148/429). Agreement between yMRI and final pathology for T-stage, N-stage, or AJCC status were each graded as ‘fair’ only (n = 429, Kappa 0.25, 0.26 and 0.35 respectively). Conclusion: The reported pCR rate of 10% highlights the potential for non-operative management in selected cases. The limited strength of agreement between basic conventional post-chemoradiotherapy imaging assessment techniques and pathology suggest alternative markers of response should be considered, in the context of controlled clinical trials

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic

Aim This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Method This was an international cohort study of patients undergoing elective resection of colon or rectal cancer without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Centres entered data from their first recorded case of COVID-19 until 19 April 2020. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included anastomotic leak, postoperative SARS-CoV-2 and a comparison with prepandemic European Society of Coloproctology cohort data. Results From 2073 patients in 40 countries, 1.3% (27/2073) had a defunctioning stoma and 3.0% (63/2073) had an end stoma instead of an anastomosis only. Thirty-day mortality was 1.8% (38/2073), the incidence of postoperative SARS-CoV-2 was 3.8% (78/2073) and the anastomotic leak rate was 4.9% (86/1738). Mortality was lowest in patients without a leak or SARS-CoV-2 (14/1601, 0.9%) and highest in patients with both a leak and SARS-CoV-2 (5/13, 38.5%). Mortality was independently associated with anastomotic leak (adjusted odds ratio 6.01, 95% confidence interval 2.58–14.06), postoperative SARS-CoV-2 (16.90, 7.86–36.38), male sex (2.46, 1.01–5.93), age >70 years (2.87, 1.32–6.20) and advanced cancer stage (3.43, 1.16–10.21). Compared with prepandemic data, there were fewer anastomotic leaks (4.9% versus 7.7%) and an overall shorter length of stay (6 versus 7 days) but higher mortality (1.7% versus 1.1%). Conclusion Surgeons need to further mitigate against both SARS-CoV-2 and anastomotic leak when offering surgery during current and future COVID-19 waves based on patient, operative and organizational risks