The Effects of a Family Designed Learning Program Upon Selected School Related Student Attitudes

The Problem: This study had as its purpose the investigation of the relationship between changes in selected school related student attitudes and participation in an experimental educational program, Family Designed Learning. The objective of Family Designed Learning was the individualization of learning through a goal-referenced model giving students, their parents and school faculty the opportunity to cooperate in the planning of the student\u27s academic program. Sample: Students at Edina East Secondary Schools, Edina, Minnesota, participating in Family Designed Learning did so voluntarily. These students registered on a one semester or one full academic year basis for one or more courses taken with this experimental program. Sixty eight students were registered for one semester of Family Designed Learning and 44 students were registered for one full academic year. In grades seven through ten 37 students participated in the experimental program with 23 in grade eleven and 52 participating from grade twelve. These 112 Family Designed Learning students plus a grade matched control group of 148 comprises the total sample of 260. Procedure: Data were gathered for the study by administering the Minnesota School Affect Assessment on a pretest-posttest basis to the Family Designed Learning students at the beginning and end of their experience in the experimental program. The control group was likewise administered the measurement instrument on a pretest-posttest basis with a random one half of the control group receiving posttest attitude measurement at the end of the first semester. The instrument was administered to the experimental and control groups during the 1974-75 academic year. Research Questions: 1. Do the Family Designed Learning students at Edina East Secondary Schools show changes in selected school related attitudes as compared to non-Family Designed Learning students? 2. Do Family Designed Learning students at Edina East Secondary Schools participating in this program for one half academic year show changes in selected school related attitudes as compared to the Family Designed Learning students participating in this program for one full academic year? 3. Is there a relationship between attitude changes within Family Designed Learning students and their grade level in school? Summary of Findings: 1. Considering all 19 attitudes measured as a whole, Family Designed Learning students reveal a more positive change in attitude as compared to the control students. Specifically, this difference in attitude change was found with reference to the attitudes of academic support and non-mastery. 2. The length of participation in the Family Designed Learning experience had no effect upon the changes of participating students\u27 attitudes. 3. The grade of the participant in Family Designed Learning is important with regard to attitude change. The higher the grade level of the participant the greater was the positive attitude change. 4. The control group demonstrated a significant grade effect with regard to attitude change. The higher the grade level of the student the greater was the positive attitude change

«When reality strikes… Why me?»

Introduksjon: Vår besvarelse bygger på teori om akutt leukemi, krise, håp og mestring, samt ulike momenter i kommunikasjon som er viktig for å danne en god relasjon mellom sykepleier og pasient. Vi har brukt sykepleieteoretiker Joyce Travelbee og hennes teori i oppgaven. Vårt drøftingskapittel tar for seg ulike situasjoner fra Regines bok, hvor vi drøfter sykepleierens rolle opp imot teori og forskning for å fremme pasientens håp. Hensikt: I oppgaven ønsker vi å finne fram til gode måter å skape en relasjon til- og hjelpe en ung jente på 17-18 år i krise. Vi vil ha et personorientert fokus hvor vi ser personen bak diagnosen følelsesmessig, og gjennom dette hjelpe henne til å finne håp og oppleve mestring. Problemstillingen vår er dermed følgende; - Hvordan kan sykepleieren forstå håpets betydning hos en ung jente rammet av leukemi, og hvordan kan vi bidra til å styrke dette? Metode: Oppgaven er basert på pensumlitteratur, selvvalgt litteratur, forskning og erfaringer fra praksis. Resultat: Hos en ung jente rammet av leukemi er håp og mestring av stor betydning. Gjennom å vise tillit, aksept, respekt og forståelse kan sykepleieren i stor grad bidra til å styrke pasientens håp. Sykepleieren må også ta seg tid til å samtale med pasienten, og være bevisst i både sin verbale og nonverbale kommunikasjon i relasjonsetableringen. Konklusjon: Våre funn i oppgaven viser at en god relasjon til pasienten er nødvendig for å kunne styrke håpet og bidra til mestring i sykdomssituasjonen. Uansett hva pasienten håper på, er det vår oppgave å respektere og støtte dette. Det er pasienten som eier håpet

Circadian rhythm of hepatic cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptors

The distribution of estrogen receptor between the cytosolic and nuclear compartments were evaluated in liver of male rats to determine whether a circadian rhythm exists. Cytosolic receptor reached a maximum level at 400 hours and a minimum at 2000 and 2400 hr. Nuclear receptor reached a maximum level at 800 hr and was lowest at 1600 and 2000 hr. Serum estradiol levels were also highest at 800 hr and lowest at 1600 hr. The variations in cytosolic and nuclear receptors are not reciprocal; in fact, the overall content of receptor in the liver is not constant and also displays a circadian rhythm. © 1986 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted

Inhibition of breathing after surfactant depletion is achieved at a higher arterial PCO(2 )during ventilation with liquid than with gas

BACKGROUND: Inhibition of phrenic nerve activity (PNA) can be achieved when alveolar ventilation is adequate and when stretching of lung tissue stimulates mechanoreceptors to inhibit inspiratory activity. During mechanical ventilation under different lung conditions, inhibition of PNA can provide a physiological setting at which ventilatory parameters can be compared and related to arterial blood gases and pH. OBJECTIVE: To study lung mechanics and gas exchange at inhibition of PNA during controlled gas ventilation (GV) and during partial liquid ventilation (PLV) before and after lung lavage. METHODS: Nine anaesthetised, mechanically ventilated young cats (age 3.8 ± 0.5 months, weight 2.3 ± 0.1 kg) (mean ± SD) were studied with stepwise increases in peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) until total inhibition of PNA was attained before lavage (with GV) and after lavage (GV and PLV). Tidal volume (V(t)), PIP, oesophageal pressure and arterial blood gases were measured at inhibition of PNA. One way repeated measures analysis of variance and Student Newman Keuls-tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: During GV, inhibition of PNA occurred at lower PIP, transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) and Vt before than after lung lavage. After lavage, inhibition of inspiratory activity was achieved at the same PIP, Ptp and Vt during GV and PLV, but occurred at a higher PaCO(2 )during PLV. After lavage compliance at inhibition was almost the same during GV and PLV and resistance was lower during GV than during PLV. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of inspiratory activity occurs at a higher PaCO(2 )during PLV than during GV in cats with surfactant-depleted lungs. This could indicate that PLV induces better recruitment of mechanoreceptors than GV

Prediction of underlying atrial fibrillation in patients with a cryptogenic stroke: results from the NOR-FIB Study

Background - Atrial fibrillation (AF) detection and treatment are key elements to reduce recurrence risk in cryptogenic stroke (CS) with underlying arrhythmia. The purpose of the present study was to assess the predictors of AF in CS and the utility of existing AF-predicting scores in The Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (NOR-FIB) Study. Method - The NOR-FIB study was an international prospective observational multicenter study designed to detect and quantify AF in CS and cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients monitored by the insertable cardiac monitor (ICM), and to identify AF-predicting biomarkers. The utility of the following AF-predicting scores was tested: AS5F, Brown ESUS-AF, CHA2DS2-VASc, CHASE-LESS, HATCH, HAVOC, STAF and SURF. Results - In univariate analyses increasing age, hypertension, left ventricle hypertrophy, dyslipidaemia, antiarrhythmic drugs usage, valvular heart disease, and neuroimaging findings of stroke due to intracranial vessel occlusions and previous ischemic lesions were associated with a higher likelihood of detected AF. In multivariate analysis, age was the only independent predictor of AF. All the AF-predicting scores showed significantly higher score levels for AF than non-AF patients. The STAF and the SURF scores provided the highest sensitivity and negative predictive values, while the AS5F and SURF reached an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) > 0.7. Conclusion - Clinical risk scores may guide a personalized evaluation approach in CS patients. Increasing awareness of the usage of available AF-predicting scores may optimize the arrhythmia detection pathway in stroke units

In Vivo Gene Knockdown in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia Mediated by Self-Complementary Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 5 Following Intrathecal Delivery

We report here in adult rat viral vector mediate-gene knockdown in the primary sensory neurons and the associated cellular and behavior consequences. Self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) was constructed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The AAV vectors were injected via an intrathecal catheter. We observed profound GFP expression in lumbar DRG neurons beginning at 2-week post-injection. Of those neurons, over 85% were large to medium-diameter and co-labeled with NF200, a marker for myelinated fibers. Western blotting of mTOR revealed an 80% reduction in the lumbar DRGs (L4–L6) of rats treated with the active siRNA vectors compared to the control siRNA vector. Gene knockdown became apparent as early as 7-day post-injection and lasted for at least 5 weeks. Importantly, mTOR knockdown occurred in large (NF200) and small-diameter neurons (nociceptors). The viral administration induced an increase of Iba1 immunoreactivity in the DRGs, which was likely attributed to the expression of GFP but not siRNA. Rats with mTOR knockdown in DRG neurons showed normal general behavior and unaltered responses to noxious stimuli. In conclusion, intrathecal AAV5 is a highly efficient vehicle to deliver siRNA and generate gene knockdown in DRG neurons. This will be valuable for both basic research and clinic intervention of diseases involving primary sensory neurons

Translational control of nociception via 4E-binding protein 1

Activation of the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase in models of acute and chronic pain is strongly implicated in mediating enhanced translation and hyperalgesia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mTOR regulates nociception remain unclear. Here we show that deletion of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), a major mTOR downstream effector, which represses eIF4E activity and cap-dependent translation, leads to mechanical, but not thermal pain hypersensitivity. Mice lacking 4E-BP1 exhibit enhanced spinal cord expression of neuroligin 1, a cell-adhesion postsynaptic protein regulating excitatory synapse function, and show increased excitatory synaptic input into spinal neurons, and a lowered threshold for induction of synaptic potentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of eIF4E or genetic reduction of neuroligin 1 levels normalizes the increased excitatory synaptic activity and reverses mechanical hypersensitivity. Thus, translational control by 4E-BP1 downstream of mTOR effects the expression of neuroligin 1 and excitatory synaptic transmission in the spinal cord, and thereby contributes to enhanced mechanical nociception. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12002.00

CNS targets of adipokines

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Physiological Society via the DOI in this record.Our understanding of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ has been transformed over the last twenty years. During this time a number of adipocyte-derived factors or adipokines have been identified. This paper will review evidence for how adipokines acting via the central nervous system (CNS) regulate normal physiology and disease pathology. The reported CNS-mediated effects of adipokines are varied and include the regulation of energy homeostasis, autonomic nervous system activity, the reproductive axis, neurodevelopment, cardiovascular function, and cognition. Due to the wealth of information available and the diversity of their known functions, the archetypal adipokines leptin and adiponectin will be the focused on extensively. Other adipokines with established CNS actions will also be discussed. Due to the difficulties associated with studying CNS function on a molecular level in humans, the majority of our knowledge, and as such the studies described in this paper, comes from work in experimental animal models; however, where possible the relevant data from human studies are also highlighted

The effect of interferon on the transcription pattern of parainfluenza virus 5

Interferon (IFN) is activated in response to virus infections and upregulates interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) resulting in the expression of hundreds of proteins, many of which have direct or indirect antiviral activity. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) of the Paramyxoviridae family is a non-segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA virus with seven genes encoding eight proteins. Here we present that IFN induces alterations in the pattern of both virus transcription and translation and that ISG56 is primarily responsible for these effects. We report that when cells were treated with IFN post-infection, virus protein synthesis was inhibited while virus transcription levels were increased. These results suggest that ISG56 selectively inhibits the translation of viral mRNAs. In addition, the relationship of various PIV5 isolates was analysed by next generation sequencing. Four areas with a high degree of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and mapped to the intergenic regions of NP-V/P, M-F and HN-L, as well as the entire SH gene. Three of the isolates, the porcine strain SER and the canine strains CPI+ and CPI-, did not express an SH protein due to the lack of a start codon. A low degree of variation was found in the amino acid sequence of the HN glycoprotein suggesting that PIV5 may be less pressured to evolve in order to evade immune responses, such as neutralising antibodies