Comparative Experience of the Effectiveness of Financing Small Enterprises

The article considers existing criteria of estimation of financing subjects of small business in Germany and Russia for raising its effectiveness for Russia. We analyzed main directions and mechanisms of state support in these countries. The conducted analysis demonstrated that effectiveness indices of the activity of small enterprises in FGR essentially exceed analogous indices of the activity of enterprises of EU countries. A contribution, brought by small enterprises in the development of economy of Germany is just inestimable. For functioning and financing the activity of small enterprises in FGR, there were accepted correspondent normative acts, for example, the Trade code, one of which main statements is the following: family enterprises are encouraged in Germany by giving them the free access at markets, and there are different limitations for big enterprises. The parity of competitive flows is observed by prohibiting small business purchase for big enterprises – in Germany small enterprises are distinctly divided in dependent and independent by strict statistical accounting of these companies. The author denoted base state structures, curating programs for supporting small enterprises in Germany comparing with infrastructures, engaged for supporting subjects of small and middle business, existing in Russia. Unfortunately, program arrangements for supporting subjects of small business in RF don't include special measures for supporting priority types of activity. The support is mainly directed on certain categories of citizens: unemployed, families with many children, youth and so on

4−Equitable Tree Labelings

We assign the labels {0,1,2,3} to the vertices of a graph; each edge is assigned the absolute difference of the incident vertices’ labels. For the labeling to be 4−equitable, we require the edge labels and vertex labels to each be distributed as uniformly as possible. We study 4−equitable labelings of different trees and prove all cater-pillars, symmetric generalized n−stars (or symmetric spiders), and complete n −ary trees for all n ∈ N are 4−equitable

COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FINANCING SMALL ENTERPRISES

The article considers existing criteria of estimation of financing subjects of small business in Germany and Russia for raising its effectiveness for Russia. We analyzed main directions and mechanisms of state support in these countries. The conducted analysis demonstrated that effectiveness indices of the activity of small enterprises in FGR essentially exceed analogous indices of the activity of enterprises of EU countries. A contribution, brought by small enterprises in the development of economy of Germany is just inestimable. For functioning and financing the activity of small enterprises in FGR, there were accepted correspondent normative acts, for example, the Trade code, one of which main statements is the following: family enterprises are encouraged in Germany by giving them the free access at markets, and there are different limitations for big enterprises. The parity of competitive flows is observed by prohibiting small business purchase for big enterprises – in Germany small enterprises are distinctly divided in dependent and independent by strict statistical accounting of these companies. The author denoted base state structures, curating programs for supporting small enterprises in Germany comparing with infrastructures, engaged for supporting subjects of small and middle business, existing in Russia. Unfortunately, program arrangements for supporting subjects of small business in RF don’t include special measures for supporting priority types of activity. The support is mainly directed on certain categories of citizens: unemployed, families with many children, youth and so on

Culture Flock

Details of the research, planning, and execution behind the exhibit Culture Flock which opened in the University Museum on April 2nd, 2013, and ran through May 10th, 2013. Final text panels and images of the exhibit in progress are included

Pre-illness to post-recovery: A Journey. The lived experience of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)

This thesis contributes an original perspective to the current Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) literature. The programme of research reported here aimed to provide an account of thewhole of the sufferer’s journey from prior to the illness through the illness itself and beyond to the recovery period. This is in contrast to much previous literature which focuses just on the period of ‘illness’. The present study aims to document the ways in which ME/CFS is formulated as a controversial chronic illness and extend this to consider the ‘culture of contention’ surrounding claims of ‘recovery’. This research adopts a combined theoretical approach of grounded theory and social constructionism. The data set comprises 8 hours of interview data based upon 36 initial interviews and 6 follow-up interviews conducted a year later. Data was analysed using constructivist grounded theory. By adopting this approach it was possible to ensure that findings were firmly grounded in the data whilst also being able to highlight unique features of speech such as the participants’ use of financial language to explain how the illness impacts upon their energy levels.The first analytical chapter,Liminality proposes that the participants’ experiences of being ill with ME/CFS or being in partial or full recovery can be interpreted as liminal because they are continually stranded in between the socially constructed categories of being ‘ill’ and being ‘well’. The Biographical Disruption chapter introduces the notion that there is a continual ‘balancing act’ for the participants to manage as things like trying to improve their health, can cause new, additional disruptions. Identity and the Self explores the participants’ accounts of being mentally and physically disempowered by ME/CFS as they become unable to participate in even mundane activities. Their descriptions are likened to being held ‘under siege’. Finally, A Longitudinal Viewrevisits the participants after an interval of a year and provides an insightful exploration the ongoing difficulties that the stigma associated with being ill with ME/CFS continues to cause. Including being unable to talk about either being ‘ill’ or ‘well’ and managing concerns that the illness may return. The findings of this research add a new dimension to the chronic illness literature and illustrate some previously undiscovered problems and dilemmas that people with ME/CFS may encounter. It is envisaged that these enhanced understandings will be beneficial to the medical profession and carers as well as people with ME/CFS themselves, their families and support networks

USE OF CHAMBERLAIN FIXED EFFECTS APPROACH TO ESTIMATE WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY FOR LITTLE TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

The paper discusses an application of Chamberlain's fixed effects model to contingent valuation method survey data obtained for eight management alternatives for the Little Tennessee River basin. The advantages of using this approach versus cross-sectional logit, pooled logit, and cross-sectional logit with lags are discussed and a technique to obtain willingness-to-pay estimates from estimated coefficients is offered. Drawbacks of using Chamberlain's fixed effects model, difficulties encountered, and directions for further research are presented.Environmental Economics and Policy,

Planktonic desmids of three Amazonian systems (Lake Batata, Lake Mussurá and Trombetas River), Pará, Brazil

Forty-eight taxa of planktonic desmids were recorded in 319 samples taken during one year from Lakes Batata and Mussurá and Trombetas River, State of Pará, Brazil. Thirty-eight of these are described and 33 illustrated. Staurodesmus, Staurastrum and Cosmarium were represented by more species than were other genera. The importance of desmids in Amazonian waters, previously documented in literature, is confirmed by the present study

4−Equitable Tree Labelings

We assign the labels {0,1,2,3} to the vertices of a graph; each edge is assigned the absolute difference of the incident vertices’ labels. For the labeling to be 4−equitable, we require the edge labels and vertex labels to each be distributed as uniformly as possible. We study 4−equitable labelings of different trees and prove all cater-pillars, symmetric generalized n−stars (or symmetric spiders), and complete n −ary trees for all n ∈ N are 4−equitable

Efficient Wasserstein Natural Gradients for Reinforcement Learning

A novel optimization approach is proposed for application to policy gradient methods and evolution strategies for reinforcement learning (RL). The procedure uses a computationally efficient Wasserstein natural gradient (WNG) descent that takes advantage of the geometry induced by a Wasserstein penalty to speed optimization. This method follows the recent theme in RL of including a divergence penalty in the objective to establish a trust region. Experiments on challenging tasks demonstrate improvements in both computational cost and performance over advanced baseline