Characteristics of Islamic Ethics in IRIB News to Increase the Political Trust of the Audience in the Government (Case Study: 21 O’clock News of Channel 1)

Political trust is one of the types of trust that deals with the relationship between the government and the people. Increasing political trust will lead to greater interaction between the people and the government and increase political participation. Due to the importance of national media in guiding public opinion, the present study uses qualitative content analysis and a comparative approach to studying how news coverage has paid the most important ethical indicators recommended in Islam to Islamic rulers to increase audience political trust in political news at IRIB. Quantitative data have been used to analyze the samples more accurately and objectively. The statistical population of the study is the TV news sections of 21:00 of the First Channel of IRIB. Each of the news items in this news section is considered as a monitoring unit and an analysis unit. According to the research findings, 25.92% of the total news at 9 pm on the First Channel of the IRIB TV has dealt with the indicators of increasing political trust in the government based on Islamic ethics criteria. Individuals in charge of Islamic government have pointed to the government's political trust in society in order to increase audience trust, and the rest, 61.90 percent, have noted the government's treatment of the people. Otherwise that in news 21 covered the topics "having divine piety", "avoiding the welfare and secularism of government officials", "tolerating and sympathizing with the people" and "placing any person or institution in its place, no attention has been paid

Accuracy of CBCT, Digital Radiography and Cross-Sectioning for the Evaluation of Mandibular Incisor Root Canals

ntroduction: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), digital radiography and tooth sectioning in evaluating root canal morphology of mandibular incisors in an in vitro setting. Methods and Materials: A total of 76 samples were imaged using CBCT, and digital radiography in straight and angled views. The samples were then sectioned at different distances from the apex for further visualization under stereomicroscope. The agreement between the observers was statistically analyzed by kappa correlation coefficient and the chi-square test. Results: The results showed that the majority of the samples had a single canal (Vertucci’s Type I). CBCT analysis reported more frequent multi-canal roots in comparison with the other techniques. In pairwise comparisons, the highest agreement was found between digital radiographic imaging and microscopic cross-sectioning both in terms of canal configuration and the number of root canals. Conclusion: None of the used imaging techniques per se could adequately show the exact internal anatomical configuration in accordance with the gold standard.Keywords: Anatomy; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Digital Radiography; Incisor Teet

Extensive Hematoma in a Patient with HereditaryHypersegmentation of Neutrophils

 Erratum: The correct affiliation of corresponding author of this manuscript has been edited as follows:"Akbar Dorgalaleh: Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."Hypercoagulable states are a group of conditions associated with an enhanced tendency toward blood clotting. Although usual clinical manifestations of hypercoagulable states are thrombotic events such as deep venous thrombosis, hematoma can also occurs as a result of hypercoagulability in some patients. Several inherited or acquired conditions may lead to hypercoagulable states. Some of them include myeloproliferative syndromes, over activity of coagulation factors and methyltetrahydrofolateee reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms. MTHFR is required for convertingthe amino acid   homocysteine to methionine. Another significant role of an aptly functioning MTHFR enzyme is nucleic acid biosynthesis. Therefore MTHFR polymorphisms are expected to be associated with hypersegmentation of neutrophils because of a defect in DNA metabolism. Neutrophil hypersegmentation is one of the most sensitive haematological features of cobalamin or folate deficiency with normal serum vitamin B12-folic acid and iron levels. Hypersegmentation of neutrophils and hematoma which  both of them suspected to be  due to gene variations of MTHFR. Here we report a 37 years old female who simultaneously affected by hereditary hypersegmentation and extensive hematoma. Laboratory analysis revealed normal serum vitamin B12, folic acid and iron levels. Routine and specific coagulation tests were normal in except of factor VIIIc that was high. Results of complete blood cell count (CBC) test were normal. Although this is just an idea, but simultaneous presentations of these two conditions can have a common origin

Tullbergiidae fauna (Collembola) in Kermanshah province (Iran) with addition of new records

In this study, the fauna of Tullbergiidae was investigated in different regions of Kermanshah province during 2012-2014. The specimens were collected from the surface layer of soil and leaf litter. Totally 6 species and 3 genera were found. The species Metaphorura denisi (Bagnall, 1935), M. macrochaeta (Rusek, 1976), M. italica (Thibaud, 1996), M. hylophila (Rusek, 1982) and Fissuraphorura duplex (Lucianez & Simon, 1992) are new for the fauna of Iran; it is also the first time that the genera Fissuraphorura (Rusek, 1991) is reported for the fauna of Iran. More ever the species Fissuraphorura duplex is reported for the first time from Asia

A faunistic study on Entomobyridae (Collembola) in Kermanshah (Iran)

In this study, we have investigated Entomobyridae fauna in different regions of Kermanshah during 2012. Totally 10 species, 5 genera, 3 subfamilies were found. The specimens were extracted by Berlese funnel from soil, leaf litter and grassland. 1genera and 6 species, are new records for Iranian fauna. The general and Iranian distributions beside of short morphological information on species according to Jordana (2012) were given

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

The unfinished agenda of communicable diseases among children and adolescents before the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Communicable disease control has long been a focus of global health policy. There have been substantial reductions in the burden and mortality of communicable diseases among children younger than 5 years, but we know less about this burden in older children and adolescents, and it is unclear whether current programmes and policies remain aligned with targets for intervention. This knowledge is especially important for policy and programmes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to use the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 to systematically characterise the burden of communicable diseases across childhood and adolescence. METHODS: In this systematic analysis of the GBD study from 1990 to 2019, all communicable diseases and their manifestations as modelled within GBD 2019 were included, categorised as 16 subgroups of common diseases or presentations. Data were reported for absolute count, prevalence, and incidence across measures of cause-specific mortality (deaths and years of life lost), disability (years lived with disability [YLDs]), and disease burden (disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]) for children and adolescents aged 0-24 years. Data were reported across the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and across time (1990-2019), and for 204 countries and territories. For HIV, we reported the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) as a measure of health system performance. FINDINGS: In 2019, there were 3·0 million deaths and 30·0 million years of healthy life lost to disability (as measured by YLDs), corresponding to 288·4 million DALYs from communicable diseases among children and adolescents globally (57·3% of total communicable disease burden across all ages). Over time, there has been a shift in communicable disease burden from young children to older children and adolescents (largely driven by the considerable reductions in children younger than 5 years and slower progress elsewhere), although children younger than 5 years still accounted for most of the communicable disease burden in 2019. Disease burden and mortality were predominantly in low-SDI settings, with high and high-middle SDI settings also having an appreciable burden of communicable disease morbidity (4·0 million YLDs in 2019 alone). Three cause groups (enteric infections, lower-respiratory-tract infections, and malaria) accounted for 59·8% of the global communicable disease burden in children and adolescents, with tuberculosis and HIV both emerging as important causes during adolescence. HIV was the only cause for which disease burden increased over time, particularly in children and adolescents older than 5 years, and especially in females. Excess MIRs for HIV were observed for males aged 15-19 years in low-SDI settings. INTERPRETATION: Our analysis supports continued policy focus on enteric infections and lower-respiratory-tract infections, with orientation to children younger than 5 years in settings of low socioeconomic development. However, efforts should also be targeted to other conditions, particularly HIV, given its increased burden in older children and adolescents. Older children and adolescents also experience a large burden of communicable disease, further highlighting the need for efforts to extend beyond the first 5 years of life. Our analysis also identified substantial morbidity caused by communicable diseases affecting child and adolescent health across the world. FUNDING: The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence for Driving Investment in Global Adolescent Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations. Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health(1-3). As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting(4-6). The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness(7,8); however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health(9-11). Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries(12-14). By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.Peer reviewe

Burden of injury along the development spectrum : associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.Peer reviewe

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe