Sesquiterpenes of Lactarius and Russula (Mushrooms): An Update[1]:

In this review the biogenesis, structures, and bioactivities of all sesquiterpenoids isolated from Russula and Lactarius species in the last decade are critically discussed, and divided into sections according to their skeletons. A brief chemotaxonomic overview of the family Russulaceae is reported in the final part of the review

O papel do bibliotecário e a construção do conhecimento: estratégias conjuntas com instrutores

The present article reflects the results taken during IV National Library System Conference in 2015, organised by the Management Library System Team from the National Instructors School `Rodolfo Martínez Tono´, where a didactic proposal was developed in order to build collectively proposals for the intervention in culture and information. The methodological perspective is framed under the action research; due to the results, it is conclusive that librarians express some concerns to invigorate their role and to involve instuctors in the knowledge construction, and that the knowledge they poses, product of a daily practice, must be recognised and invigorated through dialogue and participation channels.El presente artículo refleja los resultados obtenidos durante el IV Encuentro Nacional del Sistema de Bibliotecas realizado en el 2015, por el Equipo de Gestión del Sistema de Bibliotecas de la Escuela Nacional de Instructores ´Rodolfo Martínez Tono´, donde se desarrolló una propuesta didáctica con el fin de construir de forma conjunta propuestas para la intervención en la cultura de la información. La perspectiva metodológica se inscribe en el marco de la investigación acción; los resultados permiten concluir que los bibliotecarios expresan una actitud de preocupación por dinamizar su rol e involucrar a los instructores en la construcción de conocimiento y que el saber que poseen, producto de su práctica cotidiana, debe ser reconocido y dinamizado mediante espacios de diálogo y participación.Este artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos durante o IV Encontro Nacional do Sistema de Bibliotecas realizado em 2015 pela equipe de gestão de sistemas da Bibliotecas da Escola Nacional de Instrutores ‘Rodolfo Martinez Tono “, onde foi desenvolvida uma proposta educacional com o fim de construir de forma conjunta propostas para a intervenção na cultura da informação. A perspectiva metodológica se encontra no âmbito da pesquisa-ação; os resultados sugerem que os bibliotecários expressam uma atitude de preocupação para dinamizar o seu papel e envolver os instrutores na construção de conhecimento e que o saber que possuem, produto de sua prática diária, deve ser reconhecido e revigorado por espaços de diálogo e participação

Phytochemical researches and antimicrobial activity of Clinopodium nubigenum Kunth (Kuntze) raw extracts

The essential oil of the species Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze, Lamiaceae, was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, taking into account the more recent literature. Among the seventy compounds identified, the majority are oxygenated monoterpenoids. The essential oil, tested for antimicrobial activity, resulted effective in vitro against Candida albicans. From the aqueous MeOH extract of the aerial parts of the plant two nonvolatile compounds, named schizonepetoside A and schizonepedoside C, have been isolated. They are rare glycosyl terpenoids, which were previously isolated from only one plant, but never found before in the genus Clinopodium

Actividad antioxidante y antihiperglucemiante de la especie medicinal Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br., al sur del Ecuador

En el presente trabajo se evaluó la actividad antioxidante y antihiperglucemiante in vitro de los extractos obtenidos con los solventes: hexano, acetato de etilo  y metanol, de la planta medicinal Oreocallis grandiflora (cucharillo), recolectada en la comunidad indígena de Saraguro en la provincia de Loja, al sur del  Ecuador. La actividad antioxidante fue evaluada a través de los ensayos: DPPH, FOLIN-CIOCALTEU y β-CLAMS, mientras que la actividad  antihiperglucemiante fue determinada por el ensayo de inhibición de  α- amilasa y α-glucosidasa. El extracto metanólico de Oreocallis grandiflora presenta  efecto inhibitorio sobre la enzima α-amilasa, su concentración inhibitoria (CI50) es de 109 μg/ml, frente a 126 μg/ml del control positivo Glucobay®. Además,  muestra efecto inhibitorio sobre la enzima α-glucosidasa, su concentración inhibitoria (CI50) es de 3 μg/ml, frente a 1316 μg/ml del Glucobay®.  Muestra  también actividad antioxidante, su concentración inhibitoria (CI) es de 15 μg/ml, frente a 5 μg/ml del α-tocoferol

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Sistema para la obtención de una mezcla de normales mediante el algoritmo maximización de la esperanza (EM)

“El cáncer de seno ocurre como resultado del crecimiento anormal de células en el tejido del seno, comúnmente conocido como un tumor, los tumores pueden ser benignos (no cancerosos), o malignos (cancerosos). Las pruebas como la resonancia magnética, la mamografía, la ecografía y la biopsia se utilizan comúnmente para diagnosticar el cáncer de mama. La mayoría de los bultos en los senos son benignos, los tumores no cancerosos en los senos son crecimientos anormales, pero no se propagan fuera de ellos. Estos tumores no representan un peligro para la vida, aunque algunos tipos de bultos benignos pueden aumentar el riesgo en una mujer de padecer cáncer de seno. La mayoría de los cánceres de seno comienza en los conductos que llevan la leche hacia el pezón, aunque algunos cánceres se originan en las glándulas que producen leche. También hay otros tipos de cáncer de seno que son menos comunes como el tumor filodes y el angiosarcoma.

Implementación de un sistema de control de gestión en una empacadora de camarón para aumentar la eficiencia en la línea de producción.

El desarrollo del proyecto demostró que la Implementación de un sistema de control de Gestión en una Empacadora de Camarón aumento la eficiencia en las líneas de Producción. Se identificaron varias oportunidades de mejoras en la Implementación del Sistema de Gestión en la que se procedió a realizar una Matriz de Control que nos permitió analizar las áreas de mayor riesgos, haciendo uso de los puntajes de eficacia en los cuales surgen los puntos críticos, se dieron prioridades de acuerdo a los puntajes para realizar las mejora, además a través del análisis se logró descubrir los motivos que los originan y de tal forma adoptar las mejores acciones destinadas a su resolución. Se logró una adecuada organización en la interacción de los procesos de producción, esto permitió la satisfacción de sus clientes actuales y el aumento en la cartera de clientes logrando un crecimiento corporativo.GuayaquilIngeniero Industrial