Trabalho : do dever ao direito: uma investigação sobre o desenvolvimento do direito do trabalho no Brasil

Orientadora: Thereza Cristina Gosdal; coorientador: Luís Fernando Lopes PereiraMonografia (graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Jurídicas, Curso de Graduação em DireitoResumo: A consolidação do Direito do Trabalho no Brasil está relacionada com o progresso econômico e com o desenvolvimento do modo de produção capitalista em território nacional. O crescimento industrial e a expansão do trabalho assalariado reclamavam instrumentos capazes de regular as relações produtivas. Surgiram, então, as primeiras normas trabalhistas que, após alguns anos, assumiram status constitucional. Com a solidificação do capitalismo, as relações de trabalho adquiriram uma relevância tal, que as diversas Constituições brasileiras ocuparamse deste tema. As mudanças sociais e econômicas ocorridas no país ao longo das últimas décadas foram responsáveis por uma alteração de paradigma acerca do trabalho, que passou, sob a égide constitucional, de "dever" a "direito" socia

DNA Fingerprinting of Pearls to Determine Their Origins

We report the first successful extraction of oyster DNA from a pearl and use it to identify the source oyster species for the three major pearl-producing oyster species Pinctada margaritifera, P. maxima and P. radiata. Both mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments could be PCR-amplified and sequenced. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was developed and used to identify 18 pearls of unknown origin. A micro-drilling technique was developed to obtain small amounts of DNA while maintaining the commercial value of the pearls. This DNA fingerprinting method could be used to document the source of historic pearls and will provide more transparency for traders and consumers within the pearl industry

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ∼ 1.7 {{s}} with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of {40}-8+8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 {M}ȯ . An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ∼ 40 {{Mpc}}) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ∼ 9 and ∼ 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.</p

Livelihoods and production cycles in the Malagasy artisanal ruby-sapphire trade: A critical examination

This paper examines the livelihoods of artisanal ruby and sapphire miners in Madagascar, with a special emphasis on how market factors influence operators. For these stones specifically, the link between miner vulnerability, artificial treatment and buyer presence is examined. Vulnerabilities related to miners' livelihoods arise because of the specific mining and processing practices related to these stones, as well as other factors such as corruption, rural marginalization and poverty. The paper also investigates alternative livelihoods and the idea of including and accepting the dynamic buyer into the 'mining community'.Artisanal mining Madagascar Supply chain Livelihoods Ruby Sapphire

Cultured Pearl Farming and Production in the Federated States of Micronesia

The current production of cultured pearls from the black-lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) includes mostly beaded as well as blister and nonbead-cultured pearls in a wide array of colors. Pearl farming is carried out on four islands, with plans for commercial production in the near future. The sector is envisaged as a model for economic development and marine conservation. To successfully compete in the marketplace, pearl farmers in the FSM should focus on producing high-quality cultured pearls and explore market differentiation strategies such as the “Micronesian Blue” product. Gemologically, the FSM cultured pearls are indistinguishable from those of French Polynesia that are produced using the same mollusk species

DNA fingerprinting: an effective tool for taxonomic identification of precious corals in jewelry

Precious coral species have been used to produce jewelry and ornaments since antiquity. Due to the high value and demand for corals, some coral beds have been heavily fished over past centuries. Fishing and international trade regulations were put in place to regulate fishing practices in recent decades. To this date, the control of precious coral exploitation and enforcement of trade rules have been somewhat impaired by the fact that different species of worked coral samples can be extremely difficult to distinguish, even for trained experts. Here, we developed methods to use DNA recovered from precious coral samples worked for jewelry to identify their species. We evaluated purity and quantity of DNA extracted using five different techniques. Then, a minimally invasive sampling protocol was tested, which allowed genetic analysis without compromising the value of the worked coral objects.The best performing DNA extraction technique applies decalcification of the skeletal material with EDTA in the presence of laurylsarcosyl and proteinase, and purification of the DNA with a commercial silica membrane. This method yielded pure DNA in all cases using 100 mg coral material and in over half of the cases when using “quasi non-destructive” sampling with sampled material amounts as low as 2.3 mg. Sequence data of the recovered DNA gave an indication that the range of precious coral species present in the trade is broader than previously anticipated

A case study of ivory species identification using a combination of morphological, gemmological and genetic methods

Twenty-one items sold as mammoth ivory in China were submitted to the Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine (University of Zurich, Switzerland) and SSEF for testing. The aim of this case study was to identify these samples using macroscopic morphological diagnostics, micro-scopic examination, FTIR spectroscopy, trace-element analysis and additional minimally destructive DNA analysis (of approximately 100 mg of powder) of a region of the cytochrome b gene to assign taxonomic identification. Morphological features (Schreger angles) shown by five of the samples were characteristic of extinct Proboscideans (mammoths), and one other specimen displayed unnatural layering that identified it as an ivory imitation. FTIR spectroscopy further showed the imitation was an artificial resin, while infrared spectra of the other samples displayed overlapping features characteristic of carbonated hydroxyapatite (i.e. ivory or bone). Like FTIR spectroscopy, trace-element chemistry cannot be used to separate species. DNA analysis could in some cases differentiate extinct (mammoth) from extant (African and Asian elephant) Proboscidean species, and also identi-fied one specimen as cattle bone. Combining morphological, gemmological and genetic approaches can increase the amount of evidence available to identify the species origin of ivory

Coral-ID: A forensically validated genetic test to identify precious coral material and its application to objects seized from illegal traffic

The production and trade of objects manufactured from the skeletal axis of coralid precious corals is a historically, culturally and economically important global industry. Coralids are members of the diverse Coralliidae family, which contains several species complexes and morphospecies. For most precious coral found in the jewelry trade, the color remains the sole clue and link to the taxonomic identity of the individual. Different coralid species have however similar or overlapping colors resulting in difficulty to taxonomically identify jewelry objects, including four species listed by the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) whose international transport and trade requires species-specific and country of origin documentation. We aimed at developing a reliable method to taxonomically identify coralid material with the objective of distinguishing CITES protected species from their non-protected counterparts. We present Coral-ID, a genetic assay to taxonomically classify coralid objects using quasi non-destructive sampling. The assay classifies the analyzed sample in one of six taxonomic categories and performs at least presumptive separation of CITES-listed and non-listed species in all cases. Developmental validation experiments prove that Coral-ID is a specific, accurate and very sensitive method. As the first attempt to randomly sample corals in the trade to identify them, we applied Coral-ID on 20 precious coral objects seized by custom authorities upon import to in Switzerland. Thirteen (65%) of these samples could be analyzed; three of these were found to be presumptively CITES-listed, and 10 of them have proven to originate from non-CITES-listed species