14,091,409 research outputs found
Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA)
Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs
Measurement of the multi-TeV neutrino cross section with IceCube using Earth absorption
Neutrinos interact only very weakly, so they are extremely penetrating.
However, the theoretical neutrino-nucleon interaction cross section rises with
energy such that, at energies above 40 TeV, neutrinos are expected to be
absorbed as they pass through the Earth. Experimentally, the cross section has
been measured only at the relatively low energies (below 400 GeV) available at
neutrino beams from accelerators \cite{Agashe:2014kda, Formaggio:2013kya}. Here
we report the first measurement of neutrino absorption in the Earth, using a
sample of 10,784 energetic upward-going neutrino-induced muons observed with
the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The flux of high-energy neutrinos transiting
long paths through the Earth is attenuated compared to a reference sample that
follows shorter trajectories through the Earth. Using a fit to the
two-dimensional distribution of muon energy and zenith angle, we determine the
cross section for neutrino energies between 6.3 TeV and 980 TeV, more than an
order of magnitude higher in energy than previous measurements. The measured
cross section is (stat.) (syst.)
times the prediction of the Standard Model \cite{CooperSarkar:2011pa},
consistent with the expectation for charged and neutral current interactions.
We do not observe a dramatic increase in the cross section, expected in some
speculative models, including those invoking new compact dimensions
\cite{AlvarezMuniz:2002ga} or the production of leptoquarks
\cite{Romero:2009vu}.Comment: Preprint version of Nature paper 10.1038/nature2445
Wses Jerusalem Guidelines For Diagnosis And Treatment Of Acute Appendicitis
Acute appendicitis (AA) is among the most common cause of acute abdominal pain. Diagnosis of AA is challenging; a variable combination of clinical signs and symptoms has been used together with laboratory findings in several scoring systems proposed for suggesting the probability of AA and the possible subsequent management pathway. The role of imaging in the diagnosis of AA is still debated, with variable use of US, CT and MRI in different settings worldwide. Up to date, comprehensive clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management of AA have never been issued. In July 2015, during the 3rd World Congress of the WSES, held in Jerusalem (Israel), a panel of experts including an Organizational Committee and Scientific Committee and Scientific Secretariat, participated to a Consensus Conference where eight panelists presented a number of statements developed for each of the eight main questions about diagnosis and management of AA. The statements were then voted, eventually modified and finally approved by the participants to The Consensus Conference and lately by the board of co-authors. The current paper is reporting the definitive Guidelines Statements on each of the following topics: 1) Diagnostic efficiency of clinical scoring systems, 2) Role of Imaging, 3) Non-operative treatment for uncomplicated appendicitis, 4) Timing of appendectomy and in-hospital delay, 5) Surgical treatment 6) Scoring systems for intra-operative grading of appendicitis and their clinical usefulness 7) Non-surgical treatment for complicated appendicitis: abscess or phlegmon 8) Pre-operative and post-operative antibiotics.1
Study of B Meson Production in p plus Pb Collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV Using Exclusive Hadronic Decays
Peer reviewe
Contributions to the Science of Environmental Impact Assessment: Three Papers on the Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) of Northern Alaska
Editor's Introduction -- D. W. Norton; An Assessment of the Colville River Delta Stock of Arctic Cisco--Migrants from Canada? -- B. J. Gallaway, W. B. Griffiths, P. C. Craig, W. J. Gazey, and J. W. Helmericks; Temperature Preference of Juvenile Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) From the Alaskan Beaufort Sea -- R. G. Fechhelm, W. H. Neill, and B. J. Gallaway; Modeling Movements and Distribution of Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) Relative to Temperature-Salinity Regimes of the Beaufort Sea Near the Waterflood Causeway, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. -- W. H. Neill, R. G. Fechhelm, B. J. Gallaway, J. D. Bryan, and S. W. Anderson; Notice to Author
Majorana neutrinos and lepton-number-violating signals in top-quark and W-boson rare decays
We discuss rare lepton-number-violating top-quark and W-boson four-body
decays to final states containing a same-charge lepton pair, of the same or of
different flavors: t -> b W- li^+ lj^+ and W+ -> J J' li^+ lj^+, where i \ne j
or i=j and J J' stands for two light jets originating from a (u-bar d) or a
(c-bar s) pair. These \Delta L=2 decays are forbidden in the Standard Model and
may be mediated by exchanges of Majorana neutrinos. We adopt a model
independent approach for the Majorana neutrinos mixing pattern and calculate
the branching ratios (BR) for these decays. We find, for example, that for O(1)
mixings between heavy and light Majorana neutrinos (not likely but not ruled
out) and if at least one of the heavy Majorana neutrinos has a mass of ~100
GeV, then the BR's for these decays are: BR(t -> b li^+ lj^+ W-) ~ 10^{-4} and
BR(W+ -> li^+ lj^+ J J') ~ 10^{-7} if m_N ~ 100 GeV and BR(t -> b li^+ lj^+ J
J') ~ BR(W+ -> li^+ lj^+ J J') ~ 0.01 if m_N < 50 GeV. Taking into account the
present limits on the neutrino mixing parameters, we obtain more realistic
values for these BR's: BR(t -> b li^+ lj^+ W-) ~ 10^{-6} and BR(W+ -> li^+ lj^+
J J') ~ 10^{-10} for m_N ~ 100 GeV and BR(t -> b li^+ lj^+ J J') ~ BR(W+ ->
li^+ lj^+ J J') ~ 10^{-6} for m_N < 50 GeV.Comment: latex, 7 pages, 2 figures. V2 as published in PL
Semidirect product decomposition of Coxeter groups
Let be a Coxeter system, let be a partition of
such that no element of is conjugate to an element of , let
be the set of -conjugates of elements of and let
be the subgroup of generated by . We show
that and that is
a Coxeter system.Comment: 28 pages, one table. We have added some comments on parabolic
subgroups, double cosets representatives, finite and affine Weyl groups,
invariant theory, Solomon descent algebr
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