Pediatric Wheelchair Transportation Safety: Transit Manual Wheelchair Design Guidelines and Injury Risk of 6-year-old Children in a Frontal Motor Vehicle Impact

Children with disabilities often cannot be seated in standard child seats or automobile seats because of physical deformities or poor trunk and head control. Therefore, when children with disabilities are transported to schools and developmental facilities, they often remain seated in their wheelchairs in vehicles such as school buses and family vans. Children who must travel seated in their wheelchairs are excluded from the protections dictated by the federal and state laws related to child protection in motor vehicle crashes. This dissertation investigated the safety of children in wheelchairs in transit, mainly using computer simulation software. Three pediatric manual wheelchairs were tested with a Hybrid III 6-year-old ATD in accordance with the ANSI/RESNA WC-19 standard. Using sled test data, a computer model representing a Zippie wheelchair seated with a Hybrid III 6-year-old ATD subjected to a 20g/48kph frontal crash was developed and validated in MADYMO. The injury risks of 6-year-old wheelchair occupants in a frontal impact motor vehicle crash was investigated by analyzing sled test data and by using the pediatric wheelchair computer model. The loads imposed on the wheelchair and occupant restraint system under 20g/48kph frontal impact conditions with varying wheelchair setup conditions was also investigated using the computer model. The study results showed that a 6-year-old wheelchair seated occupant may be subjected to a risk of neck and chest injuries in a frontal impact motor vehicle crash. Results also showed that altering wheelchair settings does have impact on kinematics and injury risk of a 6-year-old wheelchair occupant in a frontal motor vehicle crash. Changing wheelchair settings also had impact on wheelchair kinematics and loads imposed on the wheelchair and occupant restraint system. The study results presented in this dissertation will provide guidelines for manufacturers designing pediatric transit wheelchairs, seating, and occupant restraint system. The pediatric wheelchair model developed in this study will provide a foundation for studying the response of a manual pediatric wheelchair and a child occupant in crashes. Moreover, the model will promote the study of associated injury risks for pediatric wheelchair users in motor vehicle crashes

Dakeshidan Laka Xihajia Interview

Gazangji and Wushisan talk about the history and the current situation of the Ha clan people in Laka, Dakeshidan Village, Tiantang Town, Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province, China.Researchers Ha Mingzong (Sangji Zhaxi) and Ha Mingzhu (Taimei) interviewed Mongghul Ha Clan elders about clan history and digitally documented (video taped; audio-recorded) the interviews.World Oral Literature Projec

Modelling linered engine blocks

Factors that affect heat transfer in the linered aluminium engine block are examined to determine their importance. Conduction is found to be the dominant mode of heat transfer, and the interface is characterised as imperfect contact if there are no surface manufacturing defects larger than 139 microns. A model is proposed to estimate the effective conductivity for imperfect contact. This thermal conductance depends on the area of contact, macroscopic roughness, the contact pressure and the interstitial medium. The transfer of heat and the distribution of stress in line red engine blocks are coupled, and the problem is strongly non-linear. A finite element solution procedure for solving the heat transfer problem in the linered engine block is outlined

Ha Baode on his family history

This interview with Ha Baode was recorded in the summer of 2009. A transcription is attached. This interview focuses on the migration of Ha Baode’s family from the clan’s home place in Huzhu, Qinghai, to Hawan in Gansu.Researchers Ha Mingzong (Sangji Zhaxi) and Ha Mingzhu (Taimei) interviewed Mongghul Ha Clan elders about clan history and digitally documented (video taped; audio-recorded) the interviews.World Oral Literature Projec

Person to Person in Japan

While still in the midst of their study abroad experiences, students at Linfield College write reflective essays. Their essays address issues of cultural similarity and difference, compare lifestyles, mores, norms, and habits between their host countries and home, and examine changes in perceptions about their host countries and the United States. In this essay, Van Ha describes his observations during his study abroad program at Rikkyo University in Tokyo, Japan