191 research outputs found
R-mediation of Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking
We propose a simple scenario of the dynamical supersymmetry breaking in four
dimensional supergravity theories. The supersymmetry breaking sector is assumed
to be completely separated as a sequestered sector from the visible sector,
except for the communication by the gravity and U(1)_R gauge interactions, and
the supersymmetry breaking is mediated by the superconformal anomaly and U(1)_R
gauge interaction. Supersymmetry is dynamically broken by the interplay between
the non-perturbative effect of the gauge interaction and Fayet-Iliopoulos
D-term of U(1)_R which necessarily exists in supergravity theories with gauged
U(1)_R symmetry. We construct an explicit model which gives phenomenologically
acceptable mass spectrum of superpartners with vanishing (or very small)
cosmological constant.Comment: 12 pages, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Neutrino Masses in the Supersymmetric Standard Model with Right-Handed Neutrinos and Spontaneous R-Parity Violation
We propose an extension of the supersymmetric standard model with
right-handed neutrinos and a singlet Higgs field, and study the neutrino masses
in this model. The Majorana masses for the right-handed neutrinos are generated
around the supersymmetry breaking scale through the vacuum expectation value of
the singlet Higgs field. This model may induce spontaneous R-parity violation
via the vacuum expectation value of the right-handed sneutrino. In the case,
the effective theory is similar to a bilinear R-parity violating model. There
are two sources for the neutrino masses: one is this bilinear R-parity breaking
effect, and the other is the ordinary seesaw effect between left- and
right-handed neutrinos. Combining these two effects, the hierarchical neutrino
mass pattern arises even when the neutrino Yukawa matrices are not
hierarchical. We acquire appropriate masses and mixings to explain both the
solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillations.Comment: 22pages, RevTeX, 3 ps figures; a reference adde
A Constrained Standard Model from a Compact Extra Dimension
A SU(3) \times SU(2) \times U(1) supersymmetric theory is constructed with a
TeV sized extra dimension compactified on the orbifold S^1/(Z_2 \times Z_2').
The compactification breaks supersymmetry leaving a set of zero modes which
correspond precisely to the states of the 1 Higgs doublet standard model.
Supersymmetric Yukawa interactions are localized at orbifold fixed points. The
top quark hypermultiplet radiatively triggers electroweak symmetry breaking,
yielding a Higgs potential which is finite and exponentially insensitive to
physics above the compactification scale. This potential depends on only a
single free parameter, the compactification scale, yielding a Higgs mass
prediction of 127 \pm 8 GeV. The masses of the all superpartners, and the
Kaluza-Klein excitations are also predicted. The lightest supersymmetric
particle is a top squark of mass 197 \pm 20 GeV. The top Kaluza-Klein tower
leads to the \rho parameter having quadratic sensitivity to unknown physics in
the ultraviolet.Comment: 31 pages, Latex, 2 eps figures, minor correction
Lepton Flavor Violating Processes and Muon g-2 in Minimal Supersymmetric SO(10) Model
In the recently proposed minimal supersymmetric SO(10) model, the neutrino
Dirac Yukawa coupling matrix, together with all the other fermion mass
matrices, is completely determined once free parameters in the model are
appropriately fixed so as to accommodate the recent neutrino oscillation data.
Using this unambiguous neutrino Dirac Yukawa couplings, we calculate the lepton
flavor violating (LFV) processes and the muon g-2 assuming the minimal
supergravity scenario. The resultant rates of the LFV processes are found to be
large enough to well exceed the proposed future experimental bound, while the
magnitude of the muon g-2 can be within the recent result by Brookhaven E821
experiment. Furthermore, we find that there exists a parameter region which can
simultaneously realize the neutralino cold dark matter abundance consistent
with the recent WMAP data.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures. The version to be published in Phys. Rev.
Detecting Physics At The Post-GUT And String Scales By Linear Colliders
The ability of linear colliders to test physics at the post-GUT scale is
investigated. Using current estimates of measurements available at such
accelerators, it is seen that soft breaking masses can be measured with errors
of about (1-20)%. Three classes of models in the post-GUT region are examined:
models with universal soft breaking masses at the string scale, models with
horizontal symmetry, and string models with Calabi-Yau compactifications. In
each case, linear colliders would be able to test directly theoretical
assumptions made at energies beyond the GUT scale to a good accuracy,
distinguish between different models, and measure parameters that are expected
to be predictions of string models.Comment: Latex, 21 pages, no figure
Glassy nature of stripe ordering in La(1.6-x)Nd(0.4)Sr(x)CuO(4)
We present the results of neutron-scattering studies on various aspects of
crystalline and magnetic structure in single crystals of
La(1.6-x)Nd(0.4)Sr(x)CuO(4) with x=0.12 and 0.15. In particular, we have
reexamined the degree of stripe order in an x=0.12 sample. Measurements of the
width for an elastic magnetic peak show that it saturates at a finite value
below 30 K, corresponding to a spin-spin correlation length of 200 A. A model
calculation indicates that the differing widths of magnetic and (previously
reported) charge-order peaks, together with the lack of commensurability, can
be consistently explained by disorder in the stripe spacing. Above 30 K, the
width of the nominally elastic signal begins to increase. Interpreting the
signal as critical scattering from slowly fluctuating spins, the temperature
dependence of the width is consistent with renormalized classical behavior of a
2-dimensional anisotropic Heisenberg antiferromagnet. Inelastic scattering
measurements show that incommensurate spin excitations survive at and above 50
K, where the elastic signal is neglible. We also report several results related
to the LTO-to-LTT transition.Comment: 13 pp, 2-col. REVTeX, 11 figures embedded with psfig; expanded
discussion of T-dep. of magnetic peak width; version to appear in Phys. Rev.
B (01Jun99
Astrophysical Axion Bounds
Axion emission by hot and dense plasmas is a new energy-loss channel for
stars. Observational consequences include a modification of the solar
sound-speed profile, an increase of the solar neutrino flux, a reduction of the
helium-burning lifetime of globular-cluster stars, accelerated white-dwarf
cooling, and a reduction of the supernova SN 1987A neutrino burst duration. We
review and update these arguments and summarize the resulting axion
constraints.Comment: Contribution to Axion volume of Lecture Notes in Physics, 20 pages, 3
figure
Lepton Flavour Violating Leptonic/Semileptonic Decays of Charged Leptons in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
We consider the leptonic and semileptonic (SL) lepton flavour violating (LFV)
decays of the charged leptons in the minimal supersymmetric standard model
(MSSM). The formalism for evaluation of branching fractions for the SL LFV
charged-lepton decays with one or two pseudoscalar mesons, or one vector meson
in the final state, is given. Previous amplitudes for the SL LFV charged-lepton
decays in MSSM are improved, for instance the -penguin amplitude is
corrected to assure the gauge invariance. The decays are studied not only in
the model-independent formulation of the theory in the frame of MSSM, but also
within the frame of the minimal supersymmetric SO(10) model within which the
parameters of the MSSM are determined. The latter model gives predictions for
the neutrino-Dirac Yukawa coupling matrix, once free parameters in the model
are appropriately fixed to accommodate the recent neutrino oscillation data.
Using this unambiguous neutrino-Dirac Yukawa couplings, we calculate the LFV
leptonic and SL decay processes assuming the minimal supergravity scenario. A
very detailed numerical analysis is done to constrain the MSSM parameters.
Numerical results for SL LFV processes are given, for instance for tau -> e
(mu) pi0, tau -> e (mu) eta, tau -> e (mu) eta', tau -> e (mu) rho0, tau -> e
(mu) phi, tau -> e (mu) omega, etc.Comment: 36 pages, 3 tables, 5 .eps figure
Low-Energy Effective Lagrangian from Non-Minimal Supergravity with Unified Gauge Symmetry
From general supergravity theory with unified gauge symmetry, we obtain the
low-energy effective Lagrangian by taking the flat limit and integrating out
the superheavy fields in model-independent manner. The scalar potential
possesses some excellent features. Some light fields classified by using
supersymmetric fermion mass, in general, would get intermediate masses at the
tree level after the supersymmetry is broken. We show that the stability of
weak scale can be guaranteed under some conditions. There exist extra
non-universal contributions to soft supersymmetry breaking terms which can give
an impact on phenomenological study.Comment: 37 pages, Figures not include
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.
Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI).
Findings: Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa.
Interpretation: Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden.
Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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