762 research outputs found
Two-Boson Exchange Physics: A Brief Review
Current status of the two-boson exchange contributions to elastic
electron-proton scattering, both for parity conserving and parity-violating, is
briefly reviewed. How the discrepancy in the extraction of elastic nucleon form
factors between unpolarized Rosenbluth and polarization transfer experiments
can be understood, in large part, by the two-photon exchange corrections is
discussed. We also illustrate how the measurement of the ratio between
positron-proton and electron-proton scattering can be used to differentiate
different models of two-photon exchange. For the parity-violating
electron-proton scattering, the interest is on how the two-boson exchange
(TBE), \gamma Z-exchange in particular, could affect the extraction of the
long-sought strangeness form factors. Various calculations all indicate that
the magnitudes of effect of TBE on the extraction of strangeness form factors
is small, though can be large percentage-wise in certain kinematics.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, prepared for Proceedings of the fifth
Asia-Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics (APFB2011), Seoul,
Korea, August 22-26, 2011, to appear in Few-Body Systems, November 201
Mesoscopic proximity effect in double barrier Superconductor/Normal Metal junctions
We report transport measurements down to T=60mK of SININ and SNIN structures
in the diffusive limit. We fabricated Al-AlOx/Cu/AlOx/Cu (SININ) and
Al/Cu/AlOx/Cu (SNIN) vertical junctions. For the first time, a zero bias
anomaly was observed in a metallic SININ structure. We attribute this peak of
conductance to coherent multi-reflections of electrons between the two tunnel
barriers. This conductance maximum is quantitatively fitted by the relevant
theory of mesoscopic SININ structures. When the barrier at the SN interface is
removed (SNIN structure), we observe a peak of conductance at finite voltage
accompagnied by an excess of sub-gap conductance.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, editorially approved for publication in Phys.
Rev. B Rapid Com
Using the Wigner-Ibach Surmise to Analyze Terrace-Width Distributions: History, User's Guide, and Advances
A history is given of the applications of the simple expression generalized
from the surmise by Wigner and also by Ibach to extract the strength of the
interaction between steps on a vicinal surface, via the terrace width
distribution (TWD). A concise guide for use with experiments and a summary of
some recent extensions are provided.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, reformatted (with revtex) version of refereed
paper for special issue of Applied Physics A entitled "From Surface Science
to Device Physics", in honor of the retirements of Prof. H. Ibach and Prof.
H. L\"ut
Universality of the Lyapunov regime for the Loschmidt echo
The Loschmidt echo (LE) is a magnitude that measures the sensitivity of
quantum dynamics to perturbations in the Hamiltonian. For a certain regime of
the parameters, the LE decays exponentially with a rate given by the Lyapunov
exponent of the underlying classically chaotic system. We develop a
semiclassical theory, supported by numerical results in a Lorentz gas model,
which allows us to establish and characterize the universality of this Lyapunov
regime. In particular, the universality is evidenced by the semiclassical limit
of the Fermi wavelength going to zero, the behavior for times longer than
Ehrenfest time, the insensitivity with respect to the form of the perturbation
and the behavior of individual (non-averaged) initial conditions. Finally, by
elaborating a semiclassical approximation to the Wigner function, we are able
to distinguish between classical and quantum origin for the different terms of
the LE. This approach renders an understanding for the persistence of the
Lyapunov regime after the Ehrenfest time, as well as a reinterpretation of our
results in terms of the quantum--classical transition.Comment: 33 pages, 17 figures, uses Revtex
Review of two-photon exchange in electron scattering
We review the role of two-photon exchange (TPE) in electron-hadron
scattering, focusing in particular on hadronic frameworks suitable for
describing the low and moderate Q^2 region relevant to most experimental
studies. We discuss the effects of TPE on the extraction of nucleon form
factors and their role in the resolution of the proton electric to magnetic
form factor ratio puzzle. The implications of TPE on various other observables,
including neutron form factors, electroproduction of resonances and pions, and
nuclear form factors, are summarized. Measurements seeking to directly identify
TPE effects, such as through the angular dependence of polarization
measurements, nonlinear epsilon contributions to the cross sections, and via e+
p to e- p cross section ratios, are also outlined. In the weak sector, we
describe the role of TPE and gamma-Z interference in parity-violating electron
scattering, and assess their impact on the extraction of the strange form
factors of the nucleon and the weak charge of the proton.Comment: 73 pages, 40 figures, review article for Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.
(dedicated to the memory of John A. Tjon
Origins of the Ambient Solar Wind: Implications for Space Weather
The Sun's outer atmosphere is heated to temperatures of millions of degrees,
and solar plasma flows out into interplanetary space at supersonic speeds. This
paper reviews our current understanding of these interrelated problems: coronal
heating and the acceleration of the ambient solar wind. We also discuss where
the community stands in its ability to forecast how variations in the solar
wind (i.e., fast and slow wind streams) impact the Earth. Although the last few
decades have seen significant progress in observations and modeling, we still
do not have a complete understanding of the relevant physical processes, nor do
we have a quantitatively precise census of which coronal structures contribute
to specific types of solar wind. Fast streams are known to be connected to the
central regions of large coronal holes. Slow streams, however, appear to come
from a wide range of sources, including streamers, pseudostreamers, coronal
loops, active regions, and coronal hole boundaries. Complicating our
understanding even more is the fact that processes such as turbulence,
stream-stream interactions, and Coulomb collisions can make it difficult to
unambiguously map a parcel measured at 1 AU back down to its coronal source. We
also review recent progress -- in theoretical modeling, observational data
analysis, and forecasting techniques that sit at the interface between data and
theory -- that gives us hope that the above problems are indeed solvable.Comment: Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews. Special issue
connected with a 2016 ISSI workshop on "The Scientific Foundations of Space
Weather." 44 pages, 9 figure
Search for Higgs bosons decaying to tautau pairs in ppbar collisions at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV
We present a search for the production of neutral Higgs bosons decaying into
tautau pairs in ppbar collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV. The
data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 fb-1, were collected by
the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. We set upper limits at the
95% C.L. on the product of production cross section and branching ratio for a
scalar resonance decaying into tautau pairs, and we then interpret these limits
as limits on the production of Higgs bosons in the minimal supersymmetric
standard model (MSSM) and as constraints in the MSSM parameter space.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PL
Search for a W' boson decaying to a bottom quark and a top quark in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
Results are presented from a search for a W' boson using a dataset
corresponding to 5.0 inverse femtobarns of integrated luminosity collected
during 2011 by the CMS experiment at the LHC in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV.
The W' boson is modeled as a heavy W boson, but different scenarios for the
couplings to fermions are considered, involving both left-handed and
right-handed chiral projections of the fermions, as well as an arbitrary
mixture of the two. The search is performed in the decay channel W' to t b,
leading to a final state signature with a single lepton (e, mu), missing
transverse energy, and jets, at least one of which is tagged as a b-jet. A W'
boson that couples to fermions with the same coupling constant as the W, but to
the right-handed rather than left-handed chiral projections, is excluded for
masses below 1.85 TeV at the 95% confidence level. For the first time using LHC
data, constraints on the W' gauge coupling for a set of left- and right-handed
coupling combinations have been placed. These results represent a significant
improvement over previously published limits.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters B. Replaced with version publishe
Search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying into two photons in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV
A search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons is described. The
analysis is performed using a dataset recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC
from pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, which corresponds to an
integrated luminosity of 4.8 inverse femtobarns. Limits are set on the cross
section of the standard model Higgs boson decaying to two photons. The expected
exclusion limit at 95% confidence level is between 1.4 and 2.4 times the
standard model cross section in the mass range between 110 and 150 GeV. The
analysis of the data excludes, at 95% confidence level, the standard model
Higgs boson decaying into two photons in the mass range 128 to 132 GeV. The
largest excess of events above the expected standard model background is
observed for a Higgs boson mass hypothesis of 124 GeV with a local significance
of 3.1 sigma. The global significance of observing an excess with a local
significance greater than 3.1 sigma anywhere in the search range 110-150 GeV is
estimated to be 1.8 sigma. More data are required to ascertain the origin of
this excess.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters
Measurement of the Lambda(b) cross section and the anti-Lambda(b) to Lambda(b) ratio with Lambda(b) to J/Psi Lambda decays in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
The Lambda(b) differential production cross section and the cross section
ratio anti-Lambda(b)/Lambda(b) are measured as functions of transverse momentum
pt(Lambda(b)) and rapidity abs(y(Lambda(b))) in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7
TeV using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measurements are
based on Lambda(b) decays reconstructed in the exclusive final state J/Psi
Lambda, with the subsequent decays J/Psi to an opposite-sign muon pair and
Lambda to proton pion, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 1.9 inverse femtobarns. The product of the cross section times
the branching ratio for Lambda(b) to J/Psi Lambda versus pt(Lambda(b)) falls
faster than that of b mesons. The measured value of the cross section times the
branching ratio for pt(Lambda(b)) > 10 GeV and abs(y(Lambda(b))) < 2.0 is 1.06
+/- 0.06 +/- 0.12 nb, and the integrated cross section ratio for
anti-Lambda(b)/Lambda(b) is 1.02 +/- 0.07 +/- 0.09, where the uncertainties are
statistical and systematic, respectively.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters
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