Técnicas e instrumentos de evaluación y su incidencia en el rendimiento académico

This research aims to determine the incidence of the use of evaluation techniques and instruments, to improve academic performance in the subject of Social Studies, of the sixth grade of the school of Basic General Education "Filomena Mora de Carrión". It has a quantitative-qualitative research approach, the research design was non-experimental, the type of research used was exploratory and descriptive, the methods that were executed are scientific, inductive, analytical, interpretive and statistical; On the other hand, for the application of techniques such as the survey and the interview of their population and sample, 48 students and two teachers of the institution were selected through a non-probability sampling. The results that stand out most are that the use of appropriate techniques and instruments have a significant impact on academic performance, since students will understand clearly and precisely the topics taught, which is why they must be used effectively; These allow to provide important feedback to students, managing to identify objectives achieved and not achieved, and in turn helps to keep students motivated to continue learning.La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la incidencia del uso de técnicas e instrumentos de evaluación, para mejorar el rendimiento académico en la asignatura de Estudios Sociales, del sexto grado de la escuela de Educación General Básica “Filomena Mora de Carrión”. Posee un enfoque de investigación cuanti-cualitativo, el diseño de la investigación fue no experimental, el tipo de investigación empleado fue exploratorio y descriptivo, los métodos que se ejecutaron son el científico, inductivo, analítico, interpretativo y estadístico; por otro lado, para la aplicación de técnicas como la encuesta y la entrevista su población y muestra, fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico, 48 estudiantes y dos docentes de la institución. Los resultados que más destacan es que el empleo de técnicas e instrumentos adecuados tienen un impacto significativo en el rendimiento académico, ya que los estudiantes comprenderán de forma clara y precisa los temas impartidos, es por ello, que se las debe usar de forma efectiva; estas permiten proporcionar una retroalimentación importante a los estudiantes, logrando identificar objetivos alcanzados y no alcanzados, y a su vez ayuda a mantener motivados a los estudiantes para que sigan aprendiendo

La importancia del material didáctico como medio para trabajar la discalculia

The objective of this research work was to categorize the useful didactic material to work on dyscalculia in 7th grade students of EGB of the Mons. Juan María Riofrío School of Education in the subject of mathematics. The research is mainly based on cognitive theories, whose purpose was to know in detail how dyscalculia is produced in the pedagogical subject. The methodology used in this study was quali-quantitative with emphasis on non-experimental design and technique, survey and observation. The bibliographic, analytical, synthetic and descriptive method was used, descriptive statistics was used in the data analysis, since frequencies were quantified to execute the tabulation of results. Finally, it is concluded that didactic materials are essential for the acquisition of knowledge, abilities, skills and aptitudes in the students, reason why it is imperative to design and implement didactic material that motivates the student to get involved in an active and participative way in the pedagogical activities.En la presente investigación se planteó como objetivo; Categorizar el material didáctico para trabajar la discalculia en los estudiantes de 7mo año de EGB de la Escuela de Educación Mons. Juan María Riofrío en la asignatura de matemática. La investigación se fundamentó principalmente en las teorías cognitivas, cuyo propósito fue conocer a detalle cómo se produce la discalculia en el sujeto pedagógico. En lo referente a la metodología que se empleó en este estudio fue cuali - cuantitativo con énfasis en el diseño no experimental y de técnica, la encuesta y observación. Se utilizó el método bibliográfico, analítico, sintético y descriptivo, en el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, ya que se cuantificó frecuencias para ejecutar la tabulación de resultados, finalmente, se concluye que los materiales didácticos son imprescindibles para la adquisición de conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas y aptitudes en los discentes que presentan problemas de aprendizaje, razón por la que es imperante diseñar e implementar material didáctico que motive al estudiante a involucrarse de modo activo y participativo en las actividades pedagógicas

Practicas educacionales, innovadoras y efectivas para el proceso enseñanza y aprendizaje en la educación básica

In the present work, a documentary research was developed about the various teaching and learning strategies in Basic Education, where the strategies for the best results in the teaching and learning process were addressed and deepened, in such a way that the construction of knowledge fulfills its objective of preparing students for further studies. The research carried out is based on the analysis of the different cognitive theories, with the aim of knowing the didactic strategies that contribute to the teaching and learning process. The research focuses on action research, which refers to planning, action, observation and reflection, enables educational innovation; therefore, changes are generated in the educational processes with the purpose of perfecting the professional work of the teaching staff and, in this way, improving the teaching and learning process of the students. The search for the most effective teaching strategies in educational processes was carried out. Finally, it was concluded that the planning of didactic strategies helps students to interact more with the teacher and better understand the topics covered in class and allows them to build knowledge.En el presente trabajo, se desarrolló una investigación documental acerca de las diversas estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la Educación Básica, en donde se abordó y profundizó en las estrategias de mejores resultados en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, de tal manera que la construcción del conocimiento cumpla con su objetivo de preparar a los estudiantes para sus estudios posteriores  La investigación realizada se fundamenta en el análisis de las diferentes teorías cognitivas, con el objetivo de conocer las estrategias didácticas que contribuye en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La investigación se enfocó en la investigación-acción, la cual hace referencia a la planificación, acción, observación y reflexión, posibilita la innovación educativa; por lo tanto, se generan cambios en los procesos educativos con el propósito de perfeccionar el quehacer profesional del profesorado y, de esta manera, mejorar el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Se realizó la búsqueda de las estrategias didácticas más eficaces en los procesos educativos. Finalmente, se concluyó que la planificación de estrategias didácticas ayuda a los estudiantes a que interactúen más con el docente y comprendan de una mejor manera los temas tratados en clases y les permite la construcción del conocimiento

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

El teatro de sombras para la enseñanza de la historia ecuatoriana

El presente trabajo estuvo orientado a conocer la efectividad del uso del teatro de sombras como estrategia didáctica para mejorar la enseñanza de la historia ecuatoriana en los estudiantes de sexto grado “C”, de la UEP San Gerardo, periodo septiembre 2017 - julio 2018, de la ciudad de Loja. Esta investigación se enmarca en el tipo de estudio descriptivo, con un enfoque mixto (cuanti-cualitativo) y el diseño fue cuasi-experimental; los métodos utilizados fueron el analítico, sintético, heurístico, estadístico, descriptivo, inductivo, deductivo, histórico y observacional. Se diseñó y empleó un taller metodológico sobre el correcto uso de esta innovadora estrategia. La aplicación del mismo permitió una mejora del 47% en el dominio del conocimiento sobre la historia ecuatoriana, además de desarrollar la creatividad y trabajo cooperativo, traduciéndose esto en la factibilidad del uso de esta estrategia dentro del ámbito educativo, para solventar las dificultades de los estudiantes durante el desarrollo del conocimiento histórico en las clases de Estudios Sociales. Al finalizar el taller se aplicó una prueba de conocimientos, en la cual se notó que los estudiantes se sintieron más motivados por aprender y el clima de la clase mejoró favorablemente, produciendo un incremento en los aprendizajes. Se recomienda utilizar esta estrategia en las demás áreas del conocimiento y buscar su adaptación en los demás subniveles de la Educación Primaria

Estrategias metodológicas colaborativas para mejorar el aprendizaje de estudios sociales en los estudiantes de cuarto grado en el ecuador

Las estrategias metodológicas colaborativas cumplen un papel fundamental para mejorar el aprendizaje. Así, John Dewey (como se citó en Matamala, 2005)  sostiene que las estrategias colaborativas buscan propiciar espacios en los cuales se genere el desarrollo de habilidades individuales y grupales, a partir de la discusión entre los estudiantes al momento de explorar nuevos conceptos. Valorando lo expuesto por el autor, a través de dichas estrategias se conseguirá que el educando sea responsable de su propio aprendizaje; requiriendo que los ambientes generados para el proceso de aprendizaje sean ricos en posibilidades que propicien el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas y sociales, para alcanzar la meta en colaboración con otros.  Mediante las observaciones realizadas en el cuarto grado “A”  de la Unidad Educativa José Ingenieros, durante el desarrollo de la asignatura de Estudios Sociales, se evidenció que la docente no emplea estrategias metodológicas colaborativas durante las clases, presentándose desconcentración y desinterés en los estudiantes

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe