Conditioners of the infectious diseases dynamics

The natural history of diseases is a concept in epidemiology that describes at the individual level the interaction of an individual with a disease stimulus, its clinical horizons, and transmission routes, which enable the identification of critical points for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. However, although this concept implies a dynamic process of exposure, contraction of disease, and cure or death, it does not provide an understanding of the dynamics of transmission of infectious agents at the population level in different scenarios, where anthropological, biological, clinical and social factors can act as conditioners for infectious diseases, that can manifest and transform in a variety of ways in different human populations. In this context, the objective of this work was to review the literature according to the Cooper (1988) methodology, to generate perspectives on the dynamics of infectious diseases, their conditioners and their interrelationship. It is demonstrated that environmental changes, pathogens evolution and host co-evolution, as well as behavioral and social set,  influence significantly the epidemic events, and mathematical modeling represents an important tool to analyze this influence

Contribuição ao estudo dos elementos vasculares, arteriais e venosos do hilo renal em suínos Sus scrofa domestica - Linnaeus - 1758) da raça LargeWhite

Estudou-se, em 30 pares de rins de suínos da raça Large White, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com aproximadamente quatro meses de idade, procedentes do Matadouro e Frigorífico "Eder", em Itapecerica da Serra, Estado de São Paulo, a distribuição arterial e venosa do hilo deste órgão, mediante disseccão dos elementos vasculares do pedículo renal, após a fixação do material em solução aquosa de formol a 10,0%. Nestes animais, a artéria renal direita fornece de seis (10,0%) a vinte (3,3%) ramos, com maior frequência de dez (20,0%) e a esquerda de quatro (3,3%) a dezoito (3,3%), com maior incidência de dez(16,7%) e demonstrou uma maior concentração no quadrante craniodorsal, seguido dos quadrantes cranioventral, caudoventral e caudodorsal. No que tange ao número de raízes venosas, a veia renal direita apresenta uma variação de uma (10,0%) a cinco (33,8%) raízes, com maior frequência de cinco (33,8%),a esquerda de duas (13,3%) e sete (3,3%), com maior concentração de três e quatro (53,4%), situadas com maior incidência no quadrante cranioventral, seguido dos quadrantes caudoventral, craniodorsal ecaudodorsal. Quanto à situação global, os ramos das artérias renais direita e esquerda se apresentam em maior número de vezes preponderantemente periféricos(43,3%), enquanto as raízes venosas se mostram exclusivamente periféricas (16,7%). Há igualdade no número de ramos das artérias renais e raízes das veias renais, direitas e esquerdas, apenas 1 vez (3,3%), com distribuião desigual nos quadrantes. Não existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto ao sexo. Estudou-se, em 30 pares de rins de suínos da raça Large White, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com aproximadamente quatro meses de idade, procedentes do Matadouro e Frigorífico "Eder", em Itapecerica da Serra, Estado de São Paulo, a distribuição arterial e venosa do hilo deste órgão, mediante dissecção do selementos vasculares do pedículo renal, após a fixação do material em solução aquosa de formol a 10,0%.Nestes animais, a artéria renal direita fornece de seis (10,0%) a vinte (3,3%) ramos, com maior frequência de dez (20,0%) e a esquerda de quatro(3,3%) a dezoito (3,3%), com maior incidência de dez(16,7%) e demonstrou uma maior concentração no quadrante craniodorsal, seguido dos quadrantes cranioventral, caudoventral e caudodorsal. No que tange ao número de raízes venosas, a veia renal direita apresenta uma variação o de uma (10,0%) a cinco (33,8%) raízes, com maior frequência de cinco (33,8%),a esquerda de duas (13,3%) e sete (3,3%), com maior concentração de três e quatro (53,4%), situadas com maior incidência no quadrante cranioventral, seguidodos quadrantes caudoventral, craniodorsal e caudodorsal. Quanto à situação global, os ramos das artérias renais direita e esquerda se apresentam em maior número de vezes preponderantemente periféricos(43,3%), enquanto as raízes venosas se mostram exclusivamente periféricas (16,7%). Há igualdade no número de ramos das artérias renais e raízes das veias renais, direitas e esquerdas, apenas 1 vez (3,3%), com distribuição desigual nos quadrantes. Não existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto ao sexo.We studied the arterials and venous distribution of 30 pairs of four months old Large White breed pig's kidneys (15 females and 15 males) from the Matadouro e Frigorífico "Eder", in Itapecerica da Serra, SP. After fixing the material in water solution of formol at 10.0% we dissected the vascular elements of the renal pedicle. In these animals the right renal artery supplies from six(10.0%) to twenty (3.3%) branches, generally with ten(20.0%) and the left from four (3.3%) to eighteen (3.3%) showing a greater indice of ten (16.7%). The greatest concentration being on the craniodorsal quadrant, following the cranioventral, caudoventral and caudodorsal quadrants. Concerning the venous roots, the right renal vein shows a variation from one(10.0%) to five (33.8%) roots, generally with five(33.8%) and left from two (13.3%) to seven (3.3%) with greater concentration of (26.7%) localized with greater frequency in the cranioventral quadrant followed by the caudoventral, craniodorsal and caudodorsal quadrants. Referring to the general situation, of the alone mentioned, the branches of the right and left arteries appear a greater number of times on the outer side (43.3%) while the venous root shows exclusively on the outer side (16.7%). There is an equal number of renal arteries and veins branches, right and left, once (3.3%) with a unequal distribution in the quadrants. There is no significant statistic difference between sexes

Effects of hyperleptinemia in rat saliva composition, histology and ultrastructure of the major salivary glands

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the satiety hormone, leptin, in saliva proteome and salivary gland histology and ultrastructure. DESIGN: Increases in blood leptin levels were induced through mini-pump infusion in male Wistar rats, during a period of 7 days. Saliva was collected before and at the end of the experimental period, for proteomic analysis, and major salivary glands were collected, at the end, for biochemical, histological and ultrastructural analysis. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of leptin receptors in major salivary glands. Salivary amylase levels and enzymatic activity were decreased in saliva, whereas the enzymatic activity of this protein was increased in the cytosol of parotid gland cells. Transmission electron microscopy allowed the observation of high number of electron-dense granules in cytosol of parotid acinar cells, from leptin treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of plasmatic leptin result in changes in saliva composition and salivary glands function. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing evidences for a potential role of leptin in salivary gland secretion and saliva composition. An understanding of how appetite/satiety factors influence saliva composition and how this composition influences food processing in mouth may be relevant in understanding ingestive behaviour.FC

Measurement of the cross-section of high transverse momentum vector bosons reconstructed as single jets and studies of jet substructure in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a measurement of the cross-section for high transverse momentum W and Z bosons produced in pp collisions and decaying to all-hadronic final states. The data used in the analysis were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV;{\rm Te}{\rm V}$and correspond to an integrated luminosity of$4.6\;{\rm f}{{{\rm b}}^{-1}}$. The measurement is performed by reconstructing the boosted W or Z bosons in single jets. The reconstructed jet mass is used to identify the W and Z bosons, and a jet substructure method based on energy cluster information in the jet centre-of-mass frame is used to suppress the large multi-jet background. The cross-section for events with a hadronically decaying W or Z boson, with transverse momentum${{p}_{{\rm T}}}\gt 320\;{\rm Ge}{\rm V}$and pseudorapidity$|\eta |\lt 1.9$, is measured to be${{\sigma }_{W+Z}}=8.5\pm 1.7$ pb and is compared to next-to-leading-order calculations. The selected events are further used to study jet grooming techniques

Search for pair-produced long-lived neutral particles decaying to jets in the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter in ppcollisions at √s=8TeV

The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is used to search for the decay of a scalar boson to a pair of long-lived particles, neutral under the Standard Model gauge group, in 20.3fb−1of data collected in proton–proton collisions at √s=8TeV. This search is sensitive to long-lived particles that decay to Standard Model particles producing jets at the outer edge of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter or inside the hadronic calorimeter. No significant excess of events is observed. Limits are reported on the product of the scalar boson production cross section times branching ratio into long-lived neutral particles as a function of the proper lifetime of the particles. Limits are reported for boson masses from 100 GeVto 900 GeV, and a long-lived neutral particle mass from 10 GeVto 150 GeV

Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections for Higgs boson production in the diphoton decay channel at s√=8 TeV with ATLAS

Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections are presented for Higgs boson production in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=8 TeV. The analysis is performed in the H → γγ decay channel using 20.3 fb−1 of data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The signal is extracted using a fit to the diphoton invariant mass spectrum assuming that the width of the resonance is much smaller than the experimental resolution. The signal yields are corrected for the effects of detector inefficiency and resolution. The pp → H → γγ fiducial cross section is measured to be 43.2 ±9.4(stat.) − 2.9 + 3.2 (syst.) ±1.2(lumi)fb for a Higgs boson of mass 125.4GeV decaying to two isolated photons that have transverse momentum greater than 35% and 25% of the diphoton invariant mass and each with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.37. Four additional fiducial cross sections and two cross-section limits are presented in phase space regions that test the theoretical modelling of different Higgs boson production mechanisms, or are sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model. Differential cross sections are also presented, as a function of variables related to the diphoton kinematics and the jet activity produced in the Higgs boson events. The observed spectra are statistically limited but broadly in line with the theoretical expectations

Measurement of χ c1 and χ c2 production with s√ = 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS

The prompt and non-prompt production cross-sections for the χ c1 and χ c2 charmonium states are measured in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using 4.5 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. The χ c states are reconstructed through the radiative decay χ c → J/ψγ (with J/ψ → μ + μ −) where photons are reconstructed from γ → e + e − conversions. The production rate of the χ c2 state relative to the χ c1 state is measured for prompt and non-prompt χ c as a function of J/ψ transverse momentum. The prompt χ c cross-sections are combined with existing measurements of prompt J/ψ production to derive the fraction of prompt J/ψ produced in feed-down from χ c decays. The fractions of χ c1 and χ c2 produced in b-hadron decays are also measured

Search for squarks and gluinos in events with isolated leptons, jets and missing transverse momentum at s√=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The results of a search for supersymmetry in final states containing at least one isolated lepton (electron or muon), jets and large missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider are reported. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy s√=8 TeV collected in 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20 fb−1. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed. Limits are set on supersymmetric particle masses for various supersymmetric models. Depending on the model, the search excludes gluino masses up to 1.32 TeV and squark masses up to 840 GeV. Limits are also set on the parameters of a minimal universal extra dimension model, excluding a compactification radius of 1/R c = 950 GeV for a cut-off scale times radius (ΛR c) of approximately 30

Measurement of the production of a W boson in association with a charm quark in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The production of a W boson in association with a single charm quark is studied using 4.6 fb−1 of pp collision data at s√ = 7 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. In events in which a W boson decays to an electron or muon, the charm quark is tagged either by its semileptonic decay to a muon or by the presence of a charmed meson. The integrated and differential cross sections as a function of the pseudorapidity of the lepton from the W-boson decay are measured. Results are compared to the predictions of next-to-leading-order QCD calculations obtained from various parton distribution function parameterisations. The ratio of the strange-to-down sea-quark distributions is determined to be 0.96+0.26−0.30 at Q 2 = 1.9 GeV2, which supports the hypothesis of an SU(3)-symmetric composition of the light-quark sea. Additionally, the cross-section ratio σ(W + +c¯¯)/σ(W − + c) is compared to the predictions obtained using parton distribution function parameterisations with different assumptions about the s−s¯¯¯ quark asymmetry