174 research outputs found
Author Correction: A consensus-based transparency checklist.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
The continued accumulation of anthropogenic carbon in the global ocean during the 2010s
EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 April 2021.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 LicenseSurface ocean pCO2-based estimates and models indicate that the ocean sink for anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) has continued to increase unabatedly over the past decade. However, the most recent global and observation-based estimate of the accumulation of Cant in the ocean interior by Gruber et al. (2019) does not extend beyond 2007, preventing an independent assessment of this increase in the magnitude of the sinkN
Decadal Trends in the Oceanic Storage of Anthropogenic Carbon from 1994 to 2014 [Oral]
EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 April 2023.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 LicenseThe oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) that humans have emitted into the atmosphere has been pivotal for limiting global warming. The transport of Cant from the surface into the ocean interior, where most of it is accumulating, is the rate limiting step for this uptake. Yet multi-decadal trends in the ocean interior storage of Cant have not been assessed at global scale. We determined such trends by applying the eMLR(C*) regression method to ocean interior observations collected between 1989 and 2020, and found that the global ocean storage of Cant grew by 29 ± 3 Pg C dec-1 and 27 ± 3 Pg C dec-1 (±1σ) from 1994 to 2004 and 2004 to 2014, respectively. Although the two growth rates are not significantly different, they imply a reduction of the oceanic uptake fraction of the anthropogenic emissions from 36 ± 4 % to 27 ± 3 % during the respective decades. We attribute this reduction to a decrease of the ocean buffer capacity and changes in ocean circulation. In the Atlantic Ocean, the maximum storage rate shifted from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere, plausibly caused by a weaker formation rate of North Atlantic Deep Waters and an intensified ventilation of mode and intermediate waters in the Southern Hemisphere. Between 1994 and 2004, the oceanic Cant accumulation exceeded the net air-sea flux by 8 ± 4 Pg C dec-1, suggesting a loss of natural carbon from the ocean during this decade. Our results reveal a substantial vulnerability of the ocean carbon sinkN
The state of the Martian climate
60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes
Best practice data standards for discrete chemical oceanographic observations
© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., Barbero, L., Byrne, R. H., Carter, B. R., Dickson, A. G., Gattuso, J.-P., Greeley, D., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Karstensen, J., Lange, N., Lauvset, S. K., Lewis, E. R., Olsen, A., Pérez, F. F., Sabine, C., Sharp, J. D., Tanhua, T., Trull, T. W., Velo, A., Allegra, A. J., Barker, P., Burger, E., Cai, W-J., Chen, C-T. A., Cross, J., Garcia, H., Hernandez-Ayon J. M., Hu, X., Kozyr, A., Langdon, C., Lee., K, Salisbury, J., Wang, Z. A., & Xue, L. Best practice data standards for discrete chemical oceanographic observations. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, (2022): 705638, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638.Effective data management plays a key role in oceanographic research as cruise-based data, collected from different laboratories and expeditions, are commonly compiled to investigate regional to global oceanographic processes. Here we describe new and updated best practice data standards for discrete chemical oceanographic observations, specifically those dealing with column header abbreviations, quality control flags, missing value indicators, and standardized calculation of certain properties. These data standards have been developed with the goals of improving the current practices of the scientific community and promoting their international usage. These guidelines are intended to standardize data files for data sharing and submission into permanent archives. They will facilitate future quality control and synthesis efforts and lead to better data interpretation. In turn, this will promote research in ocean biogeochemistry, such as studies of carbon cycling and ocean acidification, on regional to global scales. These best practice standards are not mandatory. Agencies, institutes, universities, or research vessels can continue using different data standards if it is important for them to maintain historical consistency. However, it is hoped that they will be adopted as widely as possible to facilitate consistency and to achieve the goals stated above.Funding for L-QJ and AK was from NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (OAP, Project ID: 21047) and NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) through NOAA grant NA19NES4320002 [Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS)] at the University of Maryland/ESSIC. BT was in part supported by the Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), enabled through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). AD was supported in part by the United States National Science Foundation. AV and FP were supported by BOCATS2 Project (PID2019-104279GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) funded by the Spanish Research Agency and contributing to WATER:iOS CSIC interdisciplinary thematic platform. MH was partly funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement N°821001 (SO-CHIC)
Optimal Design of Intervention Studies to Prevent Influenza in Healthy Cohorts
Background: Influenza cohort studies, in which participants are monitored for infection over an epidemic period, are invaluable in assessing the effectiveness of control measures such as vaccination, antiviral prophylaxis and nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Influenza infections and illnesses can be identified through a number of approaches with different costs and logistical requirements. Methodology and Principal Findings: In the context of a randomized controlled trial of an NPI with a constrained budget, we used a simulation approach to examine which approaches to measuring outcomes could provide greater statistical power to identify an effective intervention against confirmed influenza. We found that for a short epidemic season, the optimal design was to collect respiratory specimens at biweekly intervals, as well as following report of acute respiratory illness (ARI), for virologic testing by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Collection of respiratory specimens only from individuals reporting ARI was also an efficient design particularly for studies in settings with longer periods of influenza activity. Collection of specimens only from individuals reporting a febrile ARI was less efficient. Collection and testing of sera before and after influenza activity appeared to be inferior to collection of respiratory specimens for RT-PCR confirmation of acute infections. The performance of RT-PCR was robust to uncertainty in the costs and diagnostic performance of RT-PCR and serological tests
How to think about informal proofs
This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Brendan Larvor, ‘How to think about informal proofs’, Synthese, Vol. 187(2): 715-730, first published online 9 September 2011. The final publication is available at Springer via doi:10.1007/s11229-011-0007-5It is argued in this study that (i) progress in the philosophy of mathematical practice requires a general positive account of informal proof; (ii) the best candidate is to think of informal proofs as arguments that depend on their matter as well as their logical form; (iii) articulating the dependency of informal inferences on their content requires a redefinition of logic as the general study of inferential actions; (iv) it is a decisive advantage of this conception of logic that it accommodates the many mathematical proofs that include actions on objects other than propositions; (v) this conception of logic permits the articulation of project-sized tasks for the philosophy of mathematical practice, thereby supplying a partial characterisation of normal research in the fieldPeer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio
Psychological Determinants of Consumer Acceptance of Personalised Nutrition in 9 European Countries
YesObjective: To develop a model of the psychological factors which predict people’s intention to adopt personalised
nutrition. Potential determinants of adoption included perceived risk and benefit, perceived self-efficacy, internal locus of
control and health commitment.
Methods: A questionnaire, developed from exploratory study data and the existing theoretical literature, and including
validated psychological scales was administered to N = 9381 participants from 9 European countries (Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, and Norway).
Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that the greater participants’ perceived benefits to be associated with
personalised nutrition, the more positive their attitudes were towards personalised nutrition, and the greater their intention
to adopt it. Higher levels of nutrition self-efficacy were related to more positive attitudes towards, and a greater expressed
intention to adopt, personalised nutrition. Other constructs positively impacting attitudes towards personalised nutrition
included more positive perceptions of the efficacy of regulatory control to protect consumers (e.g. in relation to personal
data protection), higher self-reported internal health locus of control, and health commitment. Although higher perceived
risk had a negative relationship with attitude and an inverse relationship with perceived benefit, its effects on attitude and
intention to adopt personalised nutrition was less influential than perceived benefit. The model was stable across the
different European countries, suggesting that psychological factors determining adoption of personalised nutrition have
generic applicability across different European countries.
Conclusion: The results suggest that transparent provision of information about potential benefits, and protection of
consumers’ personal data is important for adoption, delivery of public health benefits, and commercialisation of
personalised nutrition.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement n u 265494 (http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html). Food4Me is the acronym of the project ‘‘Personalised nutrition: an integrated analysis of opportunities and challenges’’ (http://www.food4me.org/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
A consensus-based transparency checklist
We present a consensus-based checklist to improve and document the transparency of research reports in social and behavioural research. An accompanying online application allows users to complete the form and generate a report that they can submit with their manuscript or post to a public repository
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Mutational patterns in chemotherapy resistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Despite continued widespread use, the genomic effects of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and implications for subsequent treatment are incompletely characterized. Here, we analyze whole exome sequencing of matched pre- and post-neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy primary bladder tumor samples from 30 muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. We observe no overall increase in tumor mutational burden post-chemotherapy, though a significant proportion of subclonal mutations are unique to the matched pre- or post-treatment tumor, suggesting chemotherapy-induced and/or spatial heterogeneity. We subsequently identify and validate a novel mutational signature in post-treatment tumors consistent with known characteristics of cisplatin damage and repair. We find that post-treatment tumor heterogeneity predicts worse overall survival, and further observe alterations in cell-cycle and immune checkpoint regulation genes in post-treatment tumors. These results provide insight into the clinical and genomic dynamics of tumor evolution with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, suggest mechanisms of clinical resistance, and inform development of clinically relevant biomarkers and trials of combination therapies
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