Butterfly's wings. Women entrance into the labor market.

The entrance of young people in the labour market at older ages than in the past is correlated to the increased trend in education. Both these changes, the delay in entrances and the increase in the number of years spent at school, are much more marked in the case of women. One additional school year has a larger return in the case of women than in the case of men as a better education is associated with the possible choice of a job ‘nice, clean and respectable’, and this is more relevant for women than for men, in particular in the Veneto small firms milieu, and because education performs an ‘insurance’ role which palys a major role in the case of women. The study is based on a longitudinal panel built on the Italian Social Security Archives of employees in the two provinces of Treviso and Vicenza from 1975 to 1997. Such a huge set of data allows the study of first entrances of young people in the labour market. First entrances are studied for age and year of birth cohorts and are meaningfully correlated with parameters relative to the enrollment trend in primary and secondary education. The different gender behaviour is underlined and discussed.Labor market, Young women

Quando le farfalle mettono le ali. Osservazioni sull'ingresso delle donne nel lavoro dipendente

The entrance of young people in the labour market at older ages than in the past is correlated to the increased trend in education. Both these changes, the delay in entrances and the increase in the number of years spent at school, are much more marked in the case of women. One additional school year has a larger return in the case of women than in the case of men as a better education is associated with the possible choice of a job ‘nice, clean and respectable’, and this is more relevant for women than for men, in particular in the Veneto small firms milieu, and because education performs an ‘insurance’ role which palys a major role in the case of women. The study is based on a longitudinal panel built on the Italian Social Security Archives of employees in the two provinces of Treviso and Vicenza from 1975 to 1997. Such a huge set of data allows the study of first entrances of young people in the labour market. First entrances are studied for age and year of birth cohorts and are meaningfully correlated with parameters relative to the enrollment trend in primary and secondary education. The different gender behaviour is underlined and discussed

Enamel thickness and trace elements: a new approach to the paleonutritional study

The paleonutrition study of ancient people mainly affects the teeth as the outer and the strongest part of the digestive tract, perfused with blood and lymphatic vessels; bring a lot of information that may be useful to understand the nourishment in the past. The aim of this study is to identify possible correlations between the thickness of the enamel and the presence of trace elements as indicators of Palaeolithic diet. The samples came from seven different Sardinian sites dated back to the 3000 bC and 1400 AD. previously subjected to a classical anthropological study, were washed in absolute acetone and rinsed in distilled water. To calculate the amount of enamel on the teeth and its correlation with the dentin, we chose to analyse the samples with micro-CT oriented perpendicular to the occlusal plane with 360° rotation. For the qualitative estimation of trace elements, we used a X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The study on the thickness of the enamel showed that the total area is approximately uniform and varying the total area, both the area of the enamel and of the dentine proportionally vary. As regards the study of trace elements, the samples showed an almost constant presence of Zinc, Strontium and Manganese due to a diet essentially omnivorous, the enamel appears thicker in the sites where the elements found were Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Phosphorus reporting to a carnivorous diet. The thickness of the enamel may be affected by the trace elements present in it, so it may be also related to the type of diet. A quantitative study of the elements them- selves could provide, in the near future, more reliable data

Mitigación con Sistemas Silvopastoriles en Latinoamérica: Aportes para la incorporación en los sistemas de Medición Reporte y Verificación bajo la CMNUCC

En Latinoamérica el 46% de las emisiones de GEI proviene del cambio de usos de la tierra y el 20% de la agricultura, en donde el 58% y el 70% de las emisiones son debidas a la ganadería. El continuo crecimiento de este sector (+32% previsto al 2050) ha impulsado la expansión de la frontera agropecuaria en los bosques, generando múltiples impactos ambientales entre los cuales se encuentra la emisión de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Sin embargo, el sector tiene un alto potencial de mitigación reconocido por políticas, estrategias y programas de mitigación nacionales como las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC) y de desarrollo sectorial como las Acciones de Mitigación nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA). Entre estas acciones se incluye la implementación de sistemas silvopastoriles, cuya medición monitoreo y reporte a escala nacional presenta un estado de avance muy limitado, dejando su aporte a la mitigación invisible. A través de un Grupo Técnico de Trabajo ad hoc se han analizado el avance de los países de la región en la incorporación de los sistemas silvopastoriles en los sistemas nacionales de Medición/Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases Efecto Invernadero, y los requerimientos a cumplir para esto, generando una hoja de ruta a corto-medio plazo así como unas orientaciones técnicas para reducir la brecha existente

Mitigación con Sistemas Silvopastoriles en Latinoamérica: Aportes para la incorporación en los sistemas de Medición Reporte y Verificación bajo la CMNUCC

En Latinoamérica el 46% de las emisiones de GEI proviene del cambio de usos de la tierra y el 20% de la agricultura, en donde el 58% y el 70% de las emisiones son debidas a la ganadería. El continuo crecimiento de este sector (+32% previsto al 2050) ha impulsado la expansión de la frontera agropecuaria en los bosques, generando múltiples impactos ambientales entre los cuales se encuentra la emisión de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Sin embargo, el sector tiene un alto potencial de mitigación reconocido por políticas, estrategias y programas de mitigación nacionales como las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC) y de desarrollo sectorial como las Acciones de Mitigación nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA). Entre estas acciones se incluye la implementación de sistemas silvopastoriles, cuya medición monitoreo y reporte a escala nacional presenta un estado de avance muy limitado, dejando su aporte a la mitigación invisible. A través de un Grupo Técnico de Trabajo ad hoc se han analizado el avance de los países de la región en la incorporación de los sistemas silvopastoriles en los sistemas nacionales de Medición/Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación (MRV) de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases Efecto Invernadero, y los requerimientos a cumplir para esto, generando una hoja de ruta a corto-medio plazo así como unas orientaciones técnicas para reducir la brecha existente

Copernicus Ocean State Report, issue 6

The 6th issue of the Copernicus OSR incorporates a large range of topics for the blue, white and green ocean for all European regional seas, and the global ocean over 1993–2020 with a special focus on 2020

Language endangerment and language documentation in Africa

Non peer reviewe

Redox state and gender differences in vascular smooth muscle cells

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) have been isolated from male and female rat aorta and studied to assess their susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress. Interestingly, a gender difference, in terms of reactive oxygen species production, was detected in both basal and irradiated VSMC. Namely, VSMC from male rats were more susceptible to radiation-induced stress and easier underwent apoptosis in comparison to cells from female rats. Conversely, the latter, in the same experimental conditions, clearly displayed signs of premature senescence. These results indicate that a sort of "gender memory" can be conserved in VMSC in primary culture

Cell sex determines anoikis resistance in vascular smooth muscle cells

Sexual dimorphism, detectable in vascular smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from aorta of male and female rats, is associated with a different susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis. In this work we investigated the mechanism underlying this difference and discovered that, in comparison with cells from male rats, cells from female rats show adhesion-associated resistance to apoptosis, the so called anoikis resistance. This is apparently due to a more adhering phenotype, characterized by a well organized actin microfilament cytoskeleton and to an increased phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, and, more importantly, to a higher propensity to undergo survival by autophagy