Factores asociados a vivir solo en personas mayores de 60 años en Bogotá, Colombia

Objective: to identify the factors related to living alone and the magnitude of its effect on the adult population over 60 years old living in community in the city of Bogotá. Methods: cross-sectional study with secondary analysis of the Health, Well-being, and Aging Survey (SABE) - Bogota 2012. Measurements of central tendency were calculated, the means were compared with Student's t-test, the final model was adjusted for age, gender, and the odds ratios (OR) and their CI 95% were calculated to estimate the power of the relation. Results: out of the 2,000 people who participated in the SABE survey, 252 (12.6%) lived alone. The average age was 71.32 years; 64.68% were women (n = 163). The average schooling was 6.19 years (SD 0.31). When making the bivariate analysis, a statistically significant relation was found between living alone and being independent for basic and instrumental activities of daily living, absence of dementia, and good self-perception of health condition. In the logistic regression model, not having a partner (OR 4.91 CI 95% [3.61-6.68]), absence of dementia (OR 2.77 CI 95% [1.94-6.16], poor self-perception of nutritional condition (OR 1.7 CI 95% [1.24-2.33] and female gender (OR 1.37 CI 95% [1.03-1.91] were significantly associated with the possibility of living alone in people over 60 years. Conclusions: this study found that in people living alone there is not only an association with not having a partner, but also with having a good cognitive state, being a woman, and a poor self-perception of the nutritional condition.Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a vivir solo y la magnitud de su efecto en la población adulta mayor de 60 años que residen en comunidad en la ciudad de Bogotá. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal con análisis secundario de la encuesta Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE) - Bogotá 2012. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central, las medias se compararon con la prueba t de Student, el modelo final se ajustó por edad, sexo y se calcularon las odds ratios (OR) y sus IC95% para estimar la fuerza de la asociación. Resultados: De las 2000 personas que participaron en la encuesta SABE, 252 (12,6%) vivían solas. El promedio de edad era de 71,32 años; el 64,68% eran mujeres (n=163). La escolaridad promedio fue de 6,19 años (DE 0,31). Al realizar en análisis bivariado, se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre vivir solo y ser independiente para las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria, la ausencia de demencia, tener buena autopercepción del estado de salud. En el modelo de regresión logística no tener pareja (OR 4,91 IC 95% [3,61-6,68]), ausencia de demencia (OR 2,77 IC 95% [1,94-6,16], mala autopercepción del estado nutricional (OR 1,7 IC 95% [1,24-2,33] y el sexo femenino (OR 1,37 IC 95% [1,03-1,91] se asociaron de forma significativa con la posibilidad de vivir solo en personas mayores de 60 años. Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró que vivir solo se asoció con no tener pareja, tener un buen estado cognoscitivo, ser mujer y con mala autopercepción del estado nutricional

Gait speed as a mediator of the effect of sarcopenia on dependency in activities of daily living

Background Sarcopenia in older adults is strongly associated with an increase in dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) and with a decline in gait speed. Interestingly, gait speed has been shown to independently predict mortality. In this context, our study aimed to explore the mediator role of gait speed on the relationship between sarcopenia and dependency in ADL. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Colombia, 19 705 older adults with a mean age of 70 years, 55.6% women, 16.1% with sarcopenia, and 14.7% mild, moderate, or severe dependency in ADL, according to ‘SABE Survey 2015’. Sarcopenia was assessed by calf circumference and ADL dependence through the Barthel Index. Gait speed was measured over a distance of 3 m. The association between sarcopenia condition and gait speed and dependency level was analysed by linear regression adjusted by covariates. To examine whether gait speed mediated the association between sarcopenia and dependence components of physical function, simple mediation models were generated using ordinary least squares with the macro PROCESS version 3.2, adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Results Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in gait speed and dependency in ADL between the sarcopenia and nonsarcopenia groups after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. BMI was significantly higher in the non-sarcopenia group whereas dependency was significantly higher in the sarcopenia group (19.6% vs. 13.8%). Results from mediation model regression analysis indicated a significant and direct detrimental effect of sarcopenia on dependency in ADL (β = 0.05; P < 0.001), and a significant indirect effect of gait speed on the direct effect ( 0.009 to 0.004). Conclusions The negative effect of sarcopenia on functional dependence was mediated by the gait speed. Therefore, gait speed may positively influence the detrimental effect of sarcopenia for dependency, after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. Consequently, physical exercise should be promoted and focused to circumvent the gait speed decline associated with age in older people with sarcopenia

Desenlaces en salud en población adulta mayor colombiana con amputaciones: un análisis secundario de la encuesta SABE

Objective. To describe the factors associated with amputations in the Colombian elderly population (&gt;60 years) as evaluated in the 2015 SABE Survey with its possible adverse health related outcomes. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical study consisting of a secondary analysis of the SABE (Health, Well-being and Aging) Colombia 2015 survey. Excluding factors were people who required a substitute informant during the interview, people without amputations and those with upper and lower limb amputations simultaneously. The dependent variables were the adverse health outcomes in older people with amputations (depressive symptoms, mobility problems, poor self-perception of health, disability discrimination, falls in the last year, whether or not help was needed in the last fall, and hospitalizations in the last year). Both descriptive and bivariate analysis as well as multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results. The sample was of 278 elderly, 77.34% were men, with a mean age of 70 ± 11 years. Variables such as male sex (OR 3.62 95%CI 1.82-7.19, p&lt;0.001) and arterial hypertension (OR 3.45 95%CI 1.77-6.71, p&lt;0.001), were positively associated with upper limb amputations. Likewise, for lower limb amputations, a positive association was found with diabetes (OR 7.78 95%CI 3.78-16.02, p&lt;0.001). However, there was a negative association with male sex (OR 0.27 95%CI 0.14-0.55, p&lt;0.001) and arterial hypertension (OR 0.29 95%CI 0.15-0.56, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion. In people over 60 years of age, factors such as being a man and having high blood pressure are associated with upper limb amputations; counterwise, diabetes is associated with lower limb amputations.Objetivo. Describir los factores asociados a las amputaciones en la población colombiana adulta mayor de 60 años evaluados en la Encuesta SABE 2015, frente a posibles desenlaces adversos en salud. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y analítico consistente en un análisis secundario de la encuesta SABE (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) Colombia 2015. Para este trabajo, se excluyeron a las personas que requirieron de un informante sustituto durante la entrevista, personas sin amputaciones o con amputaciones de miembro superior e inferior simultáneamente. La variable dependiente fueron los desenlaces adversos en salud en personas mayores con amputaciones (síntomas depresivos, problemas de movilidad, mala autopercepción de salud, discriminación por discapacidad, caídas en el último año, si en la última caída necesito o no ayuda y hospitalizaciones en el último año). Se realizó análisis descriptivo, bivariado y regresión logística multivariada. Resultados. De las 278 personas identificadas con amputaciones, el 77.34% fueron hombres, con edad promedio de 70 ± 11 años. Se encontró que variables como sexo masculino (OR 3.62 IC95%1.82-7.19, p&lt;0.001) e hipertensión arterial (OR 3.45 IC 95%1.77-6.71, p&lt;0.001), se asocian positivamente con amputaciones de miembro superior. Asimismo, para amputaciones de miembro inferior, se encontró asociación positiva con diabetes (OR 7.78 IC95%3.78-16.02, p&lt;0.001), y asociación negativa frente a sexo masculino (OR 0.27 IC95%0.14-0.55, p&lt;0.001) e hipertensión arterial (OR 0.29 IC95%0.15-0.56, p&lt;0.001). Conclusión. En personas mayores de 60 años, factores como ser hombre y tener hipertensión arterial se asocian con amputaciones en miembro superior; por otro lado, la diabetes se asocia con amputaciones en miembro inferior

Search for supersymmetry at √s=13 TeV in final states with jets and two same-sign leptons or three leptons with the ATLAS detector

A search for strongly produced supersymmetric particles is conducted using signatures involving multiple energetic jets and either two isolated leptons (e or μ μ) with the same electric charge or at least three isolated leptons. The search also utilises b-tagged jets, missing transverse momentum and other observables to extend its sensitivity. The analysis uses a data sample of proton–proton collisions at √s=13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb −1. No significant excess over the Standard Model expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in several simplified supersymmetric models and extend the exclusion limits from previous searches. In the context of exclusive production and simplified decay modes, gluino masses are excluded at 95% 95% confidence level up to 1.1–1.3 TeV for light neutralinos (depending on the decay channel), and bottom squark masses are also excluded up to 540 GeV. In the former scenarios, neutralino masses are also excluded up to 550–850 GeV for gluino masses around 1 TeV

Search for supersymmetry in events with large missing transverse momentum, jets, and at least one tau lepton in 20 fb−1 of √s=8 TeV proton-proton collision data with the ATLAS detector

A search for supersymmetry (SUSY) in events with large missing transverse momentum, jets, at least one hadronically decaying tau lepton and zero or one additional light leptons (electron/muon), has been performed using 20.3fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at √s= 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed in the various signal regions and 95% confidence level upper limits on the visible cross section for new phenomena are set. The results of the analysis are interpreted in several SUSY scenarios, significantly extending previous limits obtained in the same final states. In the framework of minimal gauge-mediated SUSY breaking models, values of the SUSY breaking scale Λ below 63 TeV are excluded, independently of tan β. Exclusion limits are also derived for an mSUGRA/CMSSM model, in both the R-parity-conserving and R-parity-violating case. A further interpretation is presented in a framework of natural gauge mediation, in which the gluino is assumed to be the only light coloured sparticle and gluino masses below 1090 GeV are excluded

Search for top squark pair production in final states with one isolated lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum in √s = 8 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

The results of a search for top squark (stop) pair production in final states with one isolated lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum are reported. The analysis is performed with proton-proton collision data at s√ = 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20 fb−1. The lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is taken to be the lightest neutralino which only interacts weakly and is assumed to be stable. The stop decay modes considered are those to a top quark and the LSP as well as to a bottom quark and the lightest chargino, where the chargino decays to the LSP by emitting a W boson. A wide range of scenarios with different mass splittings between the stop, the lightest neutralino and the lightest chargino are considered, including cases where the W bosons or the top quarks are off-shell. Decay modes involving the heavier charginos and neutralinos are addressed using a set of phenomenological models of supersymmetry. No significant excess over the Standard Model prediction is observed. A stop with a mass between 210 and 640 GeV decaying directly to a top quark and a massless LSP is excluded at 95% confidence level, and in models where the mass of the lightest chargino is twice that of the LSP, stops are excluded at 95% confidence level up to a mass of 500 GeV for an LSP mass in the range of 100 to 150 GeV. Stringent exclusion limits are also derived for all other stop decay modes considered, and model-independent upper limits are set on the visible cross-section for processes beyond the Standard Model

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation