“O direito de estudar”: capacitação de professores para o combate a evasão escolar

Trabalho apresentado no II Congresso Nacional do PROJETO RONDON, realizado em Florianópolis, SC, no período de 23 a 25 de setembro de 2015 - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.A Constituição Federal determina que “a educação é direito de todos e dever do Estado e da família”. O problema da evasão escolar é um grande desafio enfrentado pela educação na atualidade, mas já estão presentes na história da educação escolar brasileira há décadas, tornando-se fenômenos crônicos e ainda demandando respostas e ações capazes de combatê-los. As maiores causas da evasão escolar são: desemprego dos pais e baixos salários, falta de motivação dos pais para enviar os filhos a escola, a baixa autoestima das crianças e adolescentes que não consideram a escola capaz de prepará-los para o mercado de trabalho, além de casos de gravidez afastando jovens da escola precocemente. O objetivo desta ação foi discutir entre os professores a problemática e as causas da evasão escolar, analisar qual o papel do professor nesse contexto e apresentar estratégias para reduzir o índice de evasão escolar e aumentar a assiduidade dos alunos as aulas e demais eventos escolares. A ação, que teve como público os professores da rede municipal da cidade de Itupiranga-PA, foi realizada em dois momentos. No primeiro momento, foi apresentada uma palestra expositiva sobre o tema da evasão escolar suas causas e consequências. No segundo momento os professores foram divididos em grupos e cada grupo descreveu as causas e os enfrentamentos relacionados à evasão escolar no seu local de trabalho. Com estas informações relatadas foi criado um quadro apontando os principais problemas e o seu grau de governabilidade. A partir destes apontamentos foi produzido um documento direcionando os principais pontos discutidos, com objetivo de ser encaminhados aos órgãos competentes do município para multiplicação da discussão de forma intersetorial. Concluiu-se que combate à evasão escolar deve ser um compromisso não só dos educadores, mas de toda a sociedade, criando oportunidades capazes de minimizar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo alunado e suas famílias quanto ao acesso, permanência e seguimento nos estudos nos anos seguintes. Assim, esta oficina mostrou a necessidade da reflexão sobre as causas e consequências da evasão escolar, relacionando-as as respectivas ações capazes de combatê-las

Health-related quality of life in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the different geographical regions of Brazil : data from the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group

Background: In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management, enhancing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is as important as good metabolic control and prevention of secondary complications. This study aims to evaluate possible regional differences in HRQoL, demographic features and clinical characteristics of patients with T1DM in Brazil, a country of continental proportions, as well as investigate which variables could influence the HRQoL of these individuals and contribute to these regional disparities. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study performed by the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (BrazDiab1SG), by analyzing EuroQol scores from 3005 participants with T1DM, in 28 public clinics, among all geographical regions of Brazil. Data on demography, economic status, chronic complications, glycemic control and lipid profile were also collected. Results: We have found that the North-Northeast region presents a higher index in the assessment of the overall health status (EQ-VAS) compared to the Southeast (74.6 ± 30 and 70.4 ± 19, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, North- Northeast presented a lower frequency of self-reported anxiety-depression compared to all regions of the country (North-Northeast: 1.53 ± 0.6; Southeast: 1.65 ± 0.7; South: 1.72 ± 0.7; Midwest: 1.67 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). These findings could not be entirely explained by the HbA1c levels or the other variables examined. Conclusions: Our study points to the existence of additional factors not yet evaluated that could be determinant in the HRQoL of people with T1DM and contribute to these regional disparities

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Resíduo da indústria de doces e farelo de glúten de milho influencia a composição da carcaça de ovinos?

Objetivou–se avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de dietas contendo diferentes níveis da mistura resíduo da indústria de doces (RID) + farelo de glúten de milho (FGM), em substituição ao milho moído, sobre as composições físico-químicas da carcaça de ovinos em crescimento da raça Santa Inês. Utilizaram-se 36 cordeiros, não castrados, com idade média de seis meses e peso corporal inicial de 19,43 ± 1,69 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado nos tratamentos: 1) controle, sem adição de RID + FGM; 2) substituição de 33% do milho por RID + FGM; 3) substituição de 66% do milho por RID + FGM; e 4) substituição de 100% do milho por RID + FGM na dieta, na base da matéria seca. O período experimental teve duração de 63 dias. Após o abate, as carcaças foram pesadas e resfriadas por 24 horas. Em seguida, pesadas e divididas em duas meias carcaças. A meia carcaça esquerda foi dissecada para obtenção das composições física e química da carcaça. Os dados foram avaliados por meio de análise de variância e regressão, utilizando-se SAS 9.4 (P < 5%). A substituição de milho por RID + FGM não influenciou as composições fisico-químicas e relações teciduais da carcaça e cortes cárneos. O milho moído pode ser totalmente substituído pela mistura do resíduo da indústria de doces com o farelo de glúten de milho (relação 613:387 na matéria seca) sem afetar as composições fisico-químicas da carcaça.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplying diets containing different levels of the blend: candy industry residue (CIR) + corn gluten feed (CGF) replacing ground corn, on the physicochemical compositions of sheep carcasses in growth of the Santa Inês breed. Thirty six lambs were used, non-castrated, with an average age of six months and initial body weight of 19.43 ± 1.69 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design in the treatments: 1) control, without addition of CIR + CGF; 2) replacement of 33% of corn by CIR + CGF; 3) replacement of 66% of corn by CIR + CGF; and 4) replacement of 100% of corn by CIR + CGF in the diet based on dry matter. The experimental period lasted 63 days. After slaughter, the carcasses were weighed and cooled for 24 hours. Then weighed and divided into two half carcasses. The left half carcass was dissected to obtain the physical and chemical composition of the carcass. The data were evaluated by means of analysis of variance and regression, using SAS 9.4 (P <5%). The replacement of corn by RID + FGM did not influence the physicochemical compositions and tissue relationships of the carcass and meat cuts. Ground maize can be completely replaced by mixing the residue from the candy industry with corn gluten feed (ratio 613: 387 in dry matter) without affecting the carcass physico-chemical compositions

Evaluation of a prototype flow cytometry test for serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is considered one of the most important canine protozoan diseases of zoonotic concern (1). Various species of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia sandflies are the potential vectors for the pathogenic agent Leishmania infantum (2). In some European, Asian, and African countries and in America, infection in dogs is associated with a risk of human disease (3–5). In Brazil, the Ministry of Health, through the Visceral Leishmaniasis Control and Surveillance Program (VLCSP), has instituted specific measures to reduce morbidity and case fatality rates, including treating human cases, instituting vector control, and, an action that is unique in the world, sacrificing all seropositive/infected dogs and prohibiting the treatment of CVL (6). During the last decade, the criteria for eliminating infected animals were based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for screening and indirect immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFATs) for the confirmatory diagnosis of CVL (6, 7). That these tests may lead to false-positive results due to crossreactivity with other parasitic diseases is well known (8, 9). Recently, this approach was modified, and testing is now based on a dual-path platform (DPP) for screening and an ELISA for confirmation (10). However, Grimaldi et al. (11) evaluated the DPP test for the serodiagnosis of CVL and showed that it does not perform well in detecting asymptomatic dogs from areas where canine disease is endemic. It has been shown that vaccination with Leishmune may lead to seroconversion in healthy dogs (10). The vaccination of dogs has increasingly become a common practice in areas in Brazil where CVL is endemic; recently, in addition to the Leishmune vaccine, the Leish-Tec vaccine has become available commercially, and new candidates, such as the LBSap vaccine, are being studied (12– 15). In this sense, seroconversion has become an important problem for surveillance/control programs that employ conventional methodologies in their seroepidemiological surveys, because it can lead to the unnecessary euthanasia of healthy dogs. Nevertheless, the role of vaccination in the diagnosis of CVL still has not been studied sufficiently