Evaluación del efecto de la papa fresca incluida en un alimento para vacas Holstein sobre la producción y la calidad de la leche

Due to the increasing need to seek profitable feeding strategies for livestock that have good quality, and are of easy adoption, rose the idea of using crops by-products. In this work the effect of fresh potato waste on the production and quality of milk in 6 Holstein cows between first and second birth, with average yields of 24 L/cow/ day, which had more than 4 weeks breastfeeding was evaluated. It was worked under a completely randomized design with 2 treatments for the different percentages of inclusion of fresh potatoes, with three replicates each treatment, for a total of 6 experimental units, which were randomly divided in TC = 30 treatments % -35% + ms potato + balanced food in amount of 4.5 to, 4 kilos, T1 = 25% + ms of potato + balanced food in quantity needed to meet requirements + 100g protected fat; T2 = 20% more food potato + balanced food in the amount necessary to cover requirements + 200 g of protected fat. Significant differences were found: (p< 0.05) for T2 fat, with an increase of 1.61%, followed by the T1: 1.2%. The animals supplemented with T1 and T2 produced 0.6 and 1.7 L/day more milk compared with the control treatment, respectively. Applying the Tukey test was obtained that the best treatment was T2 with 4.92%, followed by T1: 4.46%, and the control (TC) 3.29%. For the protein, density and total solids variables, no statistically significant differences (p> 0.05) were found.Debido a la creciente necesidad de hallar estrategias de alimentación rentables, de buena calidad y fácil adopción para el ganado surge la idea de utilizar subproductos de cosechas. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la papa de desecho en fresco sobre la producción y la calidad de la leche en 6 vacas Holstein entre primer y segundo parto, con producciones promedio de 24 L/vaca/día y con más de 4 semanas de lactancia. Se trabajó con un diseño completamente al azar, con 2 tratamientos, correspondientes a los diferentes porcentajes de inclusión de papa fresca, cada tratamiento con tres repeticiones, para un total de 6 unidades experimentales que se dividieron al azar en los tratamientos TC=30%-35% ms de papa + alimento balanceado en cantidad de 4.5 kilos-4 kilos, T1=25% ms de papa + alimento balanceado en cantidad necesaria para cubrir requerimientos + 100 g de grasa protegida, T2=20% ms de papa + alimento balanceado en cantidad necesaria para cubrir requerimientos + 200 g de grasa protegida. Encontrando diferencias significativas (p&lt,0,05) para grasa en el T2, con un incremento de 1,61%, seguido del T1: 1,2%. Los animales suplementados con el T1 y T2 produjeron 0,6 y 1,7 L/día más de leche frente al tratamiento control, respectivamente. Aplicando la prueba de Tukey se obtuvo que el mejor tratamiento fue el T2, con 4,92%, seguido del T1, con 4,46%, y el testigo (TC), con 3,29%. Para las variables de proteína, densidad y sólidos totales no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p&gt,0,05).

Evaluación de subproductos de Solanum tuberosum y Daucus carota mediante FES como alternativa en la alimentación animal

The growing demand for foods such as corn or soybeans has favored the implementation of biotechnologies through the use of agro-industrial waste in order to obtain alternative diets with high biological value. For this reason, the objective of this research was to develop a diet based on harvest by-products of potato Solanum tuberosum and carrot Daucus carota treated by Solid State Fermentation (FES). Postharvest quality analysis was carried out, subsequently, they were mixed in a proportion of 15% together with palm kernel (20%), wheat ceme (20%), soybean cake (10%), corn (10%), coffee husk (5%), molasses (4%) and additives such as vitamin premix (0.5%) and bacterial inoculant (0.5%). The prepared food was then subjected to FES and evaluated by compositional and microbiological analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis of the evaluated variables was performed and DM values ​​of 66.7%, humidity 33.3%, crude protein 19.4%, ash 5.21%, ether extract 6.35% and crude fiber 16,9% were obtained. The microbiological analysis determined that the aerobic mesophil count was exponentially higher at 48 hours compared to 72 hours (110.67 ± 23.44), no growth of molds and yeasts was observed at 48 hours and at 72 hours they were reported (14.67 CFU / g ± 5.03). It is concluded that by using FES the biological value of potatoes and carrots can be increased in a mixture with other raw materials to obtain diets intended for animal feed.La creciente demanda de alimentos como maíz o soya ha favorecido la implementación de biotecnologías por medio del aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales con el fin de obtener dietas alternativas con alto valor biológico. Por esta razón, el objetivo de esta investigación fue elaborar una dieta a base de subproductos de cosecha de papa Solanum tuberosum y zanahoria Daucus carota tratados mediante Fermentación en Estado Sólido (FES). Se realizó análisis de calidad postcosecha, posteriormente, se mezclaron en proporción de 15% junto con palmiste (20%), cema de trigo (20%), torta de soya (10%), maíz (10%), cascarilla de café (5%), melaza (4%) y aditamentos como premezcla vitamínica (0,5%) e inoculante bacteriano (0,5%). A continuación, el alimento preparado se sometió a FES y se evalúo por medio de análisis composicional y microbiológico. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables evaluadas y se obtuvo valores de MS de 66,7%, humedad 33,3%, proteína bruta 19,4%, cenizas 5,21%, extracto etéreo 6,35% y fibra cruda 16,9%. El análisis microbiológico determinó que el recuento de mesófilos aerobios fue mayor exponencialmente a las 48 horas respecto de las 72 horas (110,67± 23,44), no se observó crecimiento de mohos y levaduras a las 48 horas y a las 72 horas se reportaron (14,67 UFC/g ± 5,03). Se concluye que mediante el uso de FES se puede incrementar el valor biológico de la papa y zanahoria en mezcla con otras materias primas para la obtención de dietas destinadas a la alimentación animal

Elaboração de um alimento energético-proteico para animais, baseado em resíduos de colheita de pera (Pyrus communis)

Pear (Pyrus communis) is a fruit from the species of deciduous, widely consumed worldwide for its high quality energy. However, pear itself does not provide the amount of protein required for cattle feeding, so alternatives to improve its nutritional quality have been studied. On these grounds, the objective of this study was to evaluate the parameters of solid state fermentation, and compositional energy value of a protein food based on pears (Pyrus communis) with apparent physical damage. A completely random design was used to evaluate three treatments; these correspond to percentages of inclusion of calcium carbonate (0.25, 0.50, 0.75) formulation based on already established (40% pear, 25% rice flour, 25% wheat bran and 10% urea), the parameters evaluated were: pH, ashes (CZ), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF), and they were recorded at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. As a result, it was found that the pH dropped gradually for each treatment and at each sampling period; however, there were no significant differences. The lower value at the end of the process is recorded T2 (0.25) with 4.66, followed by T3 (0.50) with 4.50, the ash reached values of up to 6% with T3, and T2 (0.50) reached the highest percentages in fiber and crude protein. Finally, ecreasing the fermentation variables ensures a food with no presence of undesirable microorganisms and stable over time.La pera (Pyrus communis) es una fruta perteneciente a la especie de los caducifolios, ampliamente consumida a nivel mundial por su alta calidad energética. Sin embargo, la pera por sí sola no aporta la cantidad proteica requerida para la alimentación en los bovinos, por lo que se han venido estudiando alternativas que mejoren su calidad nutricional. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los parámetros de fermentación en estado sólido y valor composicional de un alimento energético-proteico basado en pera (Pyrus communis) con daño físico aparente. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar para evaluar tres tratamientos, estos correspondieron a porcentajes de inclusión de carbonato de calcio (0,25, 0,50,0,75) sobre la base de formulación ya establecida.A Pera (Pyrus communis) é uma fruta pertencente à espécie dos caducifólios, amplamente consumida a nível mundial pela sua alta qualidade energética. Porém, a pera por si mesma não aporta a quantidade proteica requerida para a alimentação nos bovinos, pelo que se têm vindo estudando alternativas quemelhorem a sua qualidade nutricional. Neste sentido o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros de fermentação no estado sólido, e valor composicional de um alimento energético - proteico baseado em pera (Pyrus Comunis) com dano físico aparente. Utilizou-se um desenho de estudo completamente ao acaso para avaliar três tratamentos, estes corresponderam a percentagens de inclusão de carbonato de cálcio (0,25, 0,50, 0,75) sobre a base de formulação já estabelecida (40% Pera, 25% farinha de arroz, 25% farelo de trigo e 10% ureia), os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH, cinzas (CZ), proteína crua (PC) e fibra crua (FC), se registraram às 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas. Como resultado, se observou que o pH descendeu de forma gradual para cada tratamento e em cada período e amostragem, porém não se apresentaram diferenças significativas. O menor valor ao final do processo o registrou o T2 (0,25) com 4,66, seguido do T3 (0,50) com 4,50, as cinzas alcançaram valores até de 6% com o T3, na fibra e a proteína crua o T2 (0,50) foi o que alcançou as maiores percentagens. Finalmente a diminuição das variáveis de fermentação assegura um alimento sem a presença de microrganismos não desejáveis e estável no tempo

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV

Measurement of the Splitting Function in &ITpp &ITand Pb-Pb Collisions at root&ITsNN&IT=5.02 TeV

Data from heavy ion collisions suggest that the evolution of a parton shower is modified by interactions with the color charges in the dense partonic medium created in these collisions, but it is not known where in the shower evolution the modifications occur. The momentum ratio of the two leading partons, resolved as subjets, provides information about the parton shower evolution. This substructure observable, known as the splitting function, reflects the process of a parton splitting into two other partons and has been measured for jets with transverse momentum between 140 and 500 GeV, in pp and PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. In central PbPb collisions, the splitting function indicates a more unbalanced momentum ratio, compared to peripheral PbPb and pp collisions.. The measurements are compared to various predictions from event generators and analytical calculations.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark mass using charged particles in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV

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Measurement of nuclear modification factors of gamma(1S)), gamma(2S), and gamma(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The cross sections for ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) production in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV have been measured using the CMS detector at the LHC. The nuclear modification factors, RAA, derived from the PbPb-to-pp ratio of yields for each state, are studied as functions of meson rapidity and transverse momentum, as well as PbPb collision centrality. The yields of all three states are found to be significantly suppressed, and compatible with a sequential ordering of the suppression, RAA(ϒ(1S)) > RAA(ϒ(2S)) > RAA(ϒ(3S)). The suppression of ϒ(1S) is larger than that seen at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, although the two are compatible within uncertainties. The upper limit on the RAA of ϒ(3S) integrated over pT, rapidity and centrality is 0.096 at 95% confidence level, which is the strongest suppression observed for a quarkonium state in heavy ion collisions to date. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.Peer reviewe

Electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions root s =13 TeV

A measurement of the electroweak (EW) production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented, based on data recorded in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurement is performed in the lljj final state with l including electrons and muons, and the jets j corresponding to the quarks produced in the hard interaction. The measured cross section in a kinematic region defined by invariant masses m(ll) > 50 GeV, m(jj) > 120 GeV, and transverse momenta P-Tj > 25 GeV is sigma(EW) (lljj) = 534 +/- 20 (stat) fb (syst) fb, in agreement with leading-order standard model predictions. The final state is also used to perform a search for anomalous trilinear gauge couplings. No evidence is found and limits on anomalous trilinear gauge couplings associated with dimension-six operators are given in the framework of an effective field theory. The corresponding 95% confidence level intervals are -2.6 <cwww/Lambda(2) <2.6 TeV-2 and -8.4 <cw/Lambda(2) <10.1 TeV-2. The additional jet activity of events in a signal-enriched region is also studied, and the measurements are in agreement with predictions.Peer reviewe