На пути к альтернативному пониманию сообществ в практике

Despite the valuable contribution of recent debates on the role of communities in the process of intra organizational coordination, especially those related to communities of practice, several questions remain settled and relegated to an outer edge. Particularly, we will be discussing weather communities can clear up the mechanism of selection of emergent rules and practices within an individualistic paradigm: can the individual be matched with communities and hence repositioned in the issue of intra organizational coordination? We also pose the possibility of conceiving firms as a corps of interconnected communities of struggle through which we aim at enhancing a thermodynamic vision of interactions that take place within and between distinct communities. Our discussion will be firstly built on Nietzsche's critiques of Identity with regard to the development of affirmation of rationality and difference, and secondly on Bourdieu's explorations of the roles and impact of struggles on the process of social distinction within groups interacting at both cognitive and practical branches. The background of the paper is above all an apology of sociocognitive distance. Our main findings pertain to the necessity of getting rid of a rosy conceptualization of social communities by emphasizing the role of their history and social traditions in their organizational performance where they cannot be efficient or effective unless they remain heterogeneous and enhance their members distinctiveness.A pesar de la valiosa contribución de los recientes debates sobre el papel de las comunidades en el proceso de coordinación intraorganizacional, especialmente las relacionadas con las comunidades de práctica, varias preguntas permanecen resueltas y relegadas a un borde externo. Particularmente, discutiremos que las comunidades climáticas pueden aclarar el mecanismo de selección de reglas y prácticas emergentes dentro de un paradigma individualista: ¿puede el individuo ser emparejado con las comunidades y, por lo tanto, reposicionarse en el tema de la coordinación intraorganizacional? También planteamos la posibilidad de concebir a las empresas como un cuerpo de comunidades de lucha interconectadas a través de las cuales aspiramos a mejorar una visión termodinámica de las interacciones que tienen lugar dentro y entre comunidades distintas. Nuestra discusión se basará en primer lugar en las críticas de Identidad de Nietzsche con respecto al desarrollo de la afirmación de la racionalidad y la diferencia, y en segundo lugar en las exploraciones de Bourdieu de los roles y el impacto de las luchas en el proceso de distinción social dentro de los grupos que interactúan en las ramas cognitivas y prácticas. El antecedente del trabajo es sobre todo una disculpa de distancia sociocognitiva. Nuestros principales hallazgos se refieren a la necesidad de deshacerse de una conceptualización optimista de las comunidades sociales al enfatizar el papel de su historia y tradiciones sociales en su desempeño organizacional donde no pueden ser eficientes o efectivos a menos que sigan siendo heterogéneos y mejoren el carácter distintivo de sus miembros.Несмотря на ценный вклад недавних дебатов о роли сообществ в процессе внутриорганизационной координации, особенно связанных с практическими сообществами, некоторые вопросы остаются нерешенными и отодвигаются на задний план. В частности, мы будем обсуждать, могут ли метеорологические сообщества прояснить механизм выбора возникающих правил и практик в рамках индивидуалистической парадигмы: можно ли сопоставить индивида с сообществами и, следовательно, изменить положение в вопросе внутриорганизационной координации? Мы также представляем возможность представить фирмы как корпус взаимосвязанных сообществ борьбы, посредством которых мы стремимся улучшить термодинамическое видение взаимодействий, которые происходят внутри и между различными сообществами. Наша дискуссия будет, во-первых, построена на критических оценках Ницше идентичности в отношении развития утверждения рациональности и различий, а во-вторых, на исследованиях Бурдье роли и влияния борьбы на процесс социального различия в группах, взаимодействующих как в когнитивной, так и в практической областях. , Основа статьи - это прежде всего извинение за социокогнитивную дистанцию. Наши основные выводы касаются необходимости избавления от радужной концептуализации социальных сообществ путем акцентирования роли их истории и социальных традиций в их организационной деятельности, где они не могут быть эффективными или действенными, если они не остаются разнородными и не повышают индивидуальность своих членов

Влияние трансформационного лидерства на организационную и лидерскую эффективность: эмпирический пример Пакистана

Modern dynamic era and today’s cognizant society compels the new leaders to face real challenges for leaders around the globe; based on the strong ties of knowledge integration companies focus on nurturing innovation for survival and strive for improvements to compete and sustain in the market. However, organizations sometimes fail to achieve viable competitive advantage due to their limited understanding of the relationships amid these premeditated variables. This study investigates the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance; employing organizational innovation as the mediating role. The study explores that the relationship between “transformational leadership” and “organizational performance” is convincing. “Convenience sampling techniques” are employed to gather information i.e. data is collected by using questionnaire employed to evaluate transformational leaders. Questionnaires consist of 25 question items have been distributed among multiple tier leaders working in MIA Group and is subsequently analyzed by using SPSS. The current research will assist the managers/leading role professionals to develop a required leadership style in one's organizations. Most of the organizations require an environment where employees are encouraged by motivated leaders and become more effective and creative in leading successful organizations. Further, it provides persuasive evidence for the significance of continuing the efforts to understand the nature of the leadership behaviors-effectiveness connection.La era dinámica moderna y la sociedad consciente de hoy obliga a los nuevos líderes a enfrentar desafíos reales para los líderes de todo el mundo; basadas en los fuertes lazos de integración de conocimiento, las empresas se centran en fomentar la innovación para la supervivencia y se esfuerzan por mejorar para competir y mantenerse en el mercado. Sin embargo, las organizaciones a veces no logran una ventaja competitiva viable debido a su comprensión limitada de las relaciones en medio de estas variables premeditadas. Este estudio investiga el impacto del liderazgo transformacional en el desempeño organizacional; Empleando la innovación organizativa como el papel mediador. El estudio explora que la relación entre "liderazgo transformacional" y "desempeño organizacional" es convincente. Las "técnicas de muestreo de conveniencia" se emplean para recopilar información, es decir, los datos se recopilan mediante el cuestionario empleado para evaluar a los líderes transformacionales. Los cuestionarios consisten en 25 preguntas que se han distribuido entre líderes de múltiples niveles que trabajan en el Grupo MIA y se analizan posteriormente mediante el uso de SPSS. La investigación actual ayudará a los gerentes / profesionales de rol líder a desarrollar un estilo de liderazgo requerido en las organizaciones de uno. La mayoría de las organizaciones requieren un entorno donde los empleados estén motivados por líderes motivados y sean más efectivos y creativos para liderar organizaciones exitosas. Además, proporciona evidencia persuasiva de la importancia de continuar los esfuerzos para comprender la naturaleza de la conexión entre el comportamiento y la eficacia del liderazgo.Современная динамичная эпоха и современное сознательное общество заставляют новых лидеров сталкиваться с реальными проблемами для лидеров во всем мире; Основываясь на прочных связях в области интеграции знаний, компании сосредоточены на развитии инноваций для выживания и стремятся к улучшениям, чтобы конкурировать и поддерживать на рынке. Однако организациям иногда не удается добиться жизнеспособного конкурентного преимущества из-за их ограниченного понимания взаимоотношений среди этих преднамеренных переменных. Это исследование исследует влияние трансформационного лидерства на организационные показатели; использование организационных инноваций в качестве посреднической роли. В исследовании исследуется, что связь между «трансформационным лидерством» и «эффективностью организации» является убедительной. «Удобные методы выборки» используются для сбора информации, то есть данные собираются с использованием вопросника, используемого для оценки лидеров трансформации. Анкеты состоят из 25 вопросов, которые были распределены среди лидеров нескольких уровней, работающих в MIA Group, и впоследствии анализируются с использованием SPSS. Текущее исследование поможет менеджерам / ведущим специалистам по ролям выработать необходимый стиль руководства в своих организациях. Большинству организаций требуется среда, в которой мотивированные лидеры поощряют сотрудников и становятся более эффективными и креативными в ведущих успешных организациях. Кроме того, он предоставляет убедительные доказательства значимости продолжения усилий по пониманию природы связи между поведением и эффективностью руководства

DRIVERS OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AND ROLE OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP-CASE OF PAKISTANI BANKING SECTOR

The purpose of the article: This research explored and contributes to the leadership literature by investigating the influence of transactional leadership over employee engagement at certain banks located in KPK and Punjab province of Pakistan. It observes the influence of main aspects i-e contingent reward, active management by exception (MBE active) on worker’s regular job commitmentMaterials and methods: This distinctive combination of leadership behaviors are compared with attention given specifically to everyday work settings. Twenty banks are selected involving 180 employees. Questionnaires and interviews are conducted to collect data.Results of the research: The relationships among variables are examined through the Spearman Rank-order correlation coefficient.  The moderating effects associated with corporate culture are observed by employing multiple regression analyses. A positive and significant relationship is revealed between transactional management and chosen variables except “passive management by exemption”. It is safely predicted that employee job satisfaction can be greatly elevated through transactional leadership. It is established that “contingent reward” and “active management by exemption” improve worker's engagement in contrast to passive management by exemption. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Drivers of Employee Engagement and Role of Transactional Leadership-Case of Pakistani Banking Sector is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

Knowledge Management Practices and Transformational Leadership Traits: Predicting Process Innovation in FMCG Industry

Organizations in the current competitive and challenging situation considered organizational process innovation to sustain themselves with competitive advantage and provisioning of high value products to consumers. The current study investigates the role of transformational leadership traits and knowledge management practices on predicting the process innovation in FMCG companies. Data has been collected from the 10 FMCG companies located in major two cities i.e. Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan. Sample of 200 top line managers have been selected by convenience sampling method and adapted itemized questionnaire has been presented to the top management after a brief session of face to face interviews. Response of 170 top line employees has been registered and statistical testing has been done on SPSS 22. Results indicated that the transformational leadership traits has significantly positive impact on process innovation which effectively expedites the production efficiency of manufacturing units. The knowledge management practices such as acquisition, transfer and application has strong and positively significant association with process innovation. The knowledge management practices positively mediates with transformational leadership traits and resultantly lays foundation for continuous process improvement to survive in market. This conceptual model practically helps the production and manufacturing companies to nurture positive change management attitudes, decreasing production time, expanding products range, development of skills needed to advocate and adopt change, employee involvement, commitment and benefits of large scale economy. This study is limited to FMCGs in major cities and can be expanded to services industry and test the conceptual model

Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs

Consanguineous marriages have been practiced since the early existence of modern humans. Until now consanguinity is widely practiced in several global communities with variable rates depending on religion, culture, and geography. Arab populations have a long tradition of consanguinity due to socio-cultural factors. Many Arab countries display some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world, and specifically first cousin marriages which may reach 25-30% of all marriages. In some countries like Qatar, Yemen, and UAE, consanguinity rates are increasing in the current generation. Research among Arabs and worldwide has indicated that consanguinity could have an effect on some reproductive health parameters such as postnatal mortality and rates of congenital malformations. The association of consanguinity with other reproductive health parameters, such as fertility and fetal wastage, is controversial. The main impact of consanguinity, however, is an increase in the rate of homozygotes for autosomal recessive genetic disorders. Worldwide, known dominant disorders are more numerous than known recessive disorders. However, data on genetic disorders in Arab populations as extracted from the Catalogue of Transmission Genetics in Arabs (CTGA) database indicate a relative abundance of recessive disorders in the region that is clearly associated with the practice of consanguinity

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030