Vom Bilderbuch zum Film und vom Film zum Bilderbuch: Medienüberschreitung am Beispiel von Märchen

The paper focuses on the adaptation of retellings of the story of Little Red Riding Hood from picture book/picturebook to film and film to picturebook. The author considers several revisionings of the popular tale which underwent intermedial transformation in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s in Switzerland, France, and Norway respectively. These works demonstrate the range of techniques used over a period of three decades to cross media with fairy tales. Despite the differences in approach, technique, media, and direction of the adaptation, all these recastings of the age-old tale appeal to a crossover audience of children and adults. This is no doubt a reflection of an ever more visually-oriented society in which age is less of a defining category.Rad razmatra prilagodbu različitih inačica priče o Crvenkapici iz slikovnice na film i s filma u slikovnicu. Autorica raščlanjuje nekoliko preradbi popularne priče koja je bila podvrgnuta intermedijalnoj preobrazbi 1980-ih godina u Švicarskoj, 1990-ih u Francuskoj te u prvome desetljeću dvadeset i prvoga stoljeća u Norveškoj. U analiziranim djelima otkriva se raspon tehnika prenošenja bajki iz medija u medij koje su se manifestirale tijekom triju desetljeća. Usprkos razlikama u pristupu, tehnici, medijima, kao i smjeru prilagodbe, svi ti novi oblici drevne priče privlače ukriženu publiku djece i odraslih. To je bez dvojbe odraz društva koje sve više postaje vizualno usmjereno, pri čemu dob sve rjeđe ima presudnu ulogu.Im Beitrag werden die Adaptionen unterschiedlicher Wiedererzählungen der Rotkäppchen- Geschichte besprochen, wie sie aus dem Medium Bilderbuch in das Medium Film und zurück übertragen werden. Die Autorin untersucht Bearbeitungen und intermediale Transformationen dieser populären Geschichte, wie sie in den 1980er, 1990er und 2000er Jahre in der Schweiz, in Frankreich und Norwegen vorgenommen wurden. Diese offenbaren die gesamte Bandbreite an angewandten Techniken zur Übertragung von Märchen in andere Medien während drei Jahrzehnten. Alle neuen Varianten der traditionsreichen Geschichte sprechen, ungeachtet ihrer unterschiedlichen Zugangsweisen, angewandten Techniken sowie Medien und Adaptionsrichtungen, ein aus Kinder und Erwachsenen bestehendes Crossover-Publikum an. Es scheint sich dabei um die Folgeerscheinung einer zunehmend visuell ausgerichteten Gesellschaft zu handeln, in der das Alter immer weniger bestimmend ist

« Le Roi grenouille » en tant que «crossover»

“The Frog King” is what English-speaking critics refer to as a “crossover text”, which is a text addressed to both adults and children. If this unsettling, indeed upsetting, tale is often abridged, bowdlerized, or rewritten before being offered to children, an increasing number of illustrators offer an unsanitized version in books intended for a mixed audience of both children and adults. Maurice Sendak, who has never ceased to question the boundary between adult literature and children’s literature, included “The Frog King” in his collection of the Grimm’s tales published in 1973. The author of this article examines the visual interpretations of “The Frog King” created by illustrators from various countries who, like Sendak, believe that this tale belongs to all ages.Key Words: “The Frog Kingˮ, fairy tale, crossover, dual audience, illustration.“El Rey rana” es lo que la crítica anglosajona llama “un crossover” es decir, un texto que llega tanto a un público joven como adulto. Si bien es cierto que este cuento inquietante e incómodo es a menudo truncado, censurado o reescrito antes de proponérselo a los niños, un número creciente de ilustradores ofrece una versión no censurada en obras para un público joven y adulto. Maurice Sendak, que siempre ha cuestionado la frontera entre literatura adulta y literatura juvenil, incluye el “Rey rana” en su recopilación de cuentos de los hermanos Grimm publicada en 1973. En el presente artículo se analizan las interpretaciones icónicas del “Rey rana” creadas por ilustradores de diversos países que, como Sendak, creen que este cuento es apto para todas las edades.Palabras clave: “El Rey rana”, cuento, “crossover”, doble destinatario (jóvenes, adultos), ilustración.« Le Roi-grenouille » constitue ce que la critique anglo-saxonne désigne sous le terme de « crossover », c’est-à-dire un texte adressé à la fois aux adultes et aux enfants. Si ce conte troublant, voire dérangeant, est souvent tronqué, expurgé ou réécrit avant de l’offrir aux enfants, un nombre croissant d’illustrateurs présente une version non aseptisée dans des livres destinés à un public mixte d’enfants et d’adultes. Maurice Sendak, qui n’a jamais cessé de mettre en question la frontière entre littérature adulte et littérature jeunesse, inclut « Le Roi Grenouille » dans son recueil de contes des Grimm publié en 1973. L’auteur de cet article examine les interprétations visuelles du « Roi-Grenouille » créées par des illustrateurs de divers pays qui, comme Sendak, croient que ce conte appartient à tous les âges. Mots clés: « Le Roi grenouille », conte, «crossover», double public d’enfants et d’adultes, illustration

L'art des funambules: les albums pour tous des Éditions Ipomée

The important role that Éditions Ipomée played in the renaissance of children’s publishing in France beginning in the 1970s has been acknowledged. However, their books also made a significant contribution to what has come to be known in the Anglo-Saxon world as “crossover” literature. Books for all ages have existed for centuries, but it was only in the late 1990s that we began to talk about the crossover phenomenon. At first, there was a tendency to reserve the term for novels and to ignore picture books and illustrated books, although the latter, more than any other genre, are able to address all ages. Already in the 1970s, Éditions Ipomée, along with a few other innovative publishers, brought out picture books that challenged the conventions and traditional codes of children’s literature and offered readers true crossover picturebooks. This article pays homage to Éditions Ipomée and all their collaborators, so many “tightrope walkers”, who managed to balance on the tightrope stretched over the gulf between children’s literature and adult literature.Key words : crossover, books for all ages, Éditions Ipomée, picture books/picturebooks, illustration.Se ha reconocido el importante papel que desempeñó las ediciones Ipomée en el renacimiento de la publicación infantil en Francia a partir de la década de 1970. Pero sus libros también contribuyeron significativamente a lo que se llama en el mundo anglosajón la literatura « crossover ». Los libros para todas las edades han existido durante siglos, pero fue solo a fines de la década de 1990 cuando empezamos a hablar sobre el fenómeno del « crossover ». Al principio, había una tendencia a reservar el término para las novelas e ignorar los álbumes y los libros ilustrados, aunque estos últimos, más que cualquier otro género, pueden abordar todas las edades. Ya en la década de 1970, las ediciones Ipomée, junto con algunas otras editoriales innovadoras, publicaron libros ilustrados que desafiaron las convenciones y los códigos tradicionales de la literatura infantil y ofrecieron a los lectores verdaderos libros de imágenes « crossover ». Este artículo rinde homenaje a las ediciones Ipomée y a todos sus colaboradores, tantos «caminantes de la cuerda floja», que se balanceaban en la cuerda floja sobre el abismo entre la literatura infantil y la literatura para adultos.Palabras clave : crossover, libros para todas las edades, Ediciones Ipomée, libros ilustrados, ilustración.On a reconnu le rôle important que les Éditions Ipomée ont joué dans la renaissance de l’édition jeunesse en France à partir des années 1970. Mais leurs livres marquent aussi une étape notable dans le parcours de ce que l’on appelle dans le monde anglo-saxon la littérature « crossover ». Les livres pour tous les âges existent depuis des siècles mais ce n’est que vers la fin des années 1990 que l’on commence à parler du phénomène du « crossover ». Au début, on avait tendance à réserver le terme aux romans et à passer sous silence les albums et les livres illustrés, bien que ces genres soient plus susceptibles que tout autre à s’adresser à tous les publics. Déjà, dès les années 1970, les Éditions Ipomée, avec quelques autres maisons d’édition innovatrices, publiaient des albums qui remettaient en question les conventions et les codes traditionnels de la littérature de jeunesse et offraient aux lecteurs de véritables albums « crossover ». Cet article veut rendre hommage aux Éditions Ipomée et à tous leurs collaborateurs, autant de « funambules », qui ont su se balancer sur la corde raide tendue au-dessus du gouffre entre littérature jeunesse et littérature pour adultes.Mots clés : crossover, les livres pour tous les âges, Éditions Ipomée, albums, illustration

White Matter Hyperintensities in Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID): Knowledge Gaps and Opportunities

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are frequently seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging scans of older people. Usually interpreted clinically as a surrogate for cerebral small vessel disease, WMHs are associated with increased likelihood of cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer\u27s disease [AD]). WMHs are also seen in cognitively healthy people. In this collaboration of academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical industry perspectives, we identify outstanding questions about WMHs and their relation to cognition, dementia, and AD. What molecular and cellular changes underlie WMHs? What are the neuropathological correlates of WMHs? To what extent are demyelination and inflammation present? Is it helpful to subdivide into periventricular and subcortical WMHs? What do WMHs signify in people diagnosed with AD? What are the risk factors for developing WMHs? What preventive and therapeutic strategies target WMHs? Answering these questions will improve prevention and treatment of WMHs and dementia

Self-productivity and complementarities in human development : evidence from MARS

This paper investigates the role of self-productivity and home resources in capability formation from infancy to adolescence. In addition, we study the complementarities between basic cognitive, motor and noncognitive abilities and social as well as academic achievement. Our data are taken from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk (MARS), an epidemiological cohort study following the long-term outcome of early risk factors. Results indicate that initial risk conditions cumulate and that differences in basic abilities increase during development. Self-productivity rises in the developmental process and complementarities are evident. Noncognitive abilities promote cognitive abilities and social achievement. There is remarkable stability in the distribution of the economic and socio-emotional home resources during the early life cycle. This is presumably a major reason for the evolution of inequality in human development

Variation in GP decisions on antihypertensive treatment in oldest-old and frail individuals across 29 countries

BACKGROUND: In oldest-old patients (>80), few trials showed efficacy of treating hypertension and they included mostly the healthiest elderly. The resulting lack of knowledge has led to inconsistent guidelines, mainly based on systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiovascular disease (CVD) but not on frailty despite the high prevalence in oldest-old. This may lead to variation how General Practitioners (GPs) treat hypertension. Our aim was to investigate treatment variation of GPs in oldest-olds across countries and to identify the role of frailty in that decision. METHODS: Using a survey, we compared treatment decisions in cases of oldest-old varying in SBP, CVD, and frailty. GPs were asked if they would start antihypertensive treatment in each case. In 2016, we invited GPs in Europe, Brazil, Israel, and New Zealand. We compared the percentage of cases that would be treated per countries. A logistic mixed-effects model was used to derive odds ratio (OR) for frailty with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for SBP, CVD, and GP characteristics (sex, location and prevalence of oldest-old per GP office, and years of experience). The mixed-effects model was used to account for the multiple assessments per GP. RESULTS: The 29 countries yielded 2543 participating GPs: 52% were female, 51% located in a city, 71% reported a high prevalence of oldest-old in their offices, 38% and had >20 years of experience. Across countries, considerable variation was found in the decision to start antihypertensive treatment in the oldest-old ranging from 34 to 88%. In 24/29 (83%) countries, frailty was associated with GPs' decision not to start treatment even after adjustment for SBP, CVD, and GP characteristics (OR 0.53, 95%CI 0.48-0.59; ORs per country 0.11-1.78). CONCLUSIONS: Across countries, we found considerable variation in starting antihypertensive medication in oldest-old. The frail oldest-old had an odds ratio of 0.53 of receiving antihypertensive treatment. Future hypertension trials should also include frail patients to acquire evidence on the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment in oldest-old patients with frailty, with the aim to get evidence-based data for clinical decision-making

Pre-replication complex proteins assemble at regions of low nucleosome occupancy within the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase initiation zone

Genome-scale mapping of pre-replication complex proteins has not been reported in mammalian cells. Poor enrichment of these proteins at specific sites may be due to dispersed binding, poor epitope availability or cell cycle stage-specific binding. Here, we have mapped sites of biotin-tagged ORC and MCM protein binding in G1-synchronized populations of Chinese hamster cells harboring amplified copies of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) locus, using avidin-affinity purification of biotinylated chromatin followed by high-density microarray analysis across the DHFR locus. We have identified several sites of significant enrichment for both complexes distributed throughout the previously identified initiation zone. Analysis of the frequency of initiations across stretched DNA fibers from the DHFR locus confirmed a broad zone of de-localized initiation activity surrounding the sites of ORC and MCM enrichment. Mapping positions of mononucleosomal DNA empirically and computing nucleosome-positioning information in silico revealed that ORC and MCM map to regions of low measured and predicted nucleosome occupancy. Our results demonstrate that specific sites of ORC and MCM enrichment can be detected within a mammalian intitiation zone, and suggest that initiation zones may be regions of generally low nucleosome occupancy where flexible nucleosome positioning permits flexible pre-RC assembly sites

Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria

Malaria-causing protozoa of the genus Plasmodium have exerted one of the strongest selective pressures on the human genome, and resistance alleles provide biomolecular footprints that outline the historical reach of these species1. Nevertheless, debate persists over when and how malaria parasites emerged as human pathogens and spread around the globe1,2. To address these questions, we generated high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae from 16 countries spanning around 5,500 years of human history. We identified P. vivax and P. falciparum across geographically disparate regions of Eurasia from as early as the fourth and first millennia bce, respectively; for P. vivax, this evidence pre-dates textual references by several millennia3. Genomic analysis supports distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas: similarities between now-eliminated European and peri-contact South American strains indicate that European colonizers were the source of American P. vivax, whereas the trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced P. falciparum into the Americas. Our data underscore the role of cross-cultural contacts in the dissemination of malaria, laying the biomolecular foundation for future palaeo-epidemiological research into the impact of Plasmodium parasites on human history. Finally, our unexpected discovery of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas provides a rare case study in which individual mobility can be inferred from infection status, adding to our knowledge of cross-cultural connectivity in the region nearly three millennia ago.This project was funded by the National Science Foundation, grants BCS-2141896 and BCS-1528698; the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme, grants 851511-MICROSCOPE (to S. Schiffels), 771234-PALEoRIDER (to W.H.) and starting grant 805268-CoDisEASe (to K.I.B.); and the ERC starting grant Waves ERC758967 (supporting K. Nägele and S.C.). We thank the Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean for supporting M. Michel, E. Skourtanioti, A.M., R.A.B., L.C.B., G.U.N., N.S., V.V.-M., M. McCormick, P.W.S., C.W. and J.K.; the Kone Foundation for supporting E.K.G. and A.S.; and the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Helsinki for grants to E.K.G. A.S. thanks the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation, the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Academy of Finland, the Life and Health Medical Foundation and the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. M.C.B. acknowledges funding from: research project PID2020-116196GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; the Spanish Ministry of Culture; the Chiang Ching Kuo Foundation; Fundación Palarq; the EU FP7 Marie Curie Zukunftskolleg Incoming Fellowship Programme, University of Konstanz (grant 291784); STAR2-Santander Universidades and Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports; and CEI 2015 project Cantabria Campus Internacional. M.E. received support from the Czech Academy of Sciences award Praemium Academiae and project RVO 67985912 of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague. This work has been funded within project PID2020-115956GB-I00 ‘Origen y conformación del Bronce Valenciano’, granted by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain, and grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MZI187236), Research Nova Scotia (RNS 2023-2565) and The Center for Health Research in Developing Countries. D.K. is the Canada research chair in translational vaccinology and inflammation. R.L.K. acknowledges support from a 2019 University of Otago research grant (Human health and adaptation along Silk Roads, a bioarchaeological investigation of a medieval Uzbek cemetery). P.O. thanks the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Academy of Finland. S. Peltola received support from the Emil Aaltonen Foundation and the Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation. D.C.S.-G. thanks the Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/061). E.W.K. acknowledges support from the DEEPDEAD project, HERA-UP, CRP (15.055) and the Horizon 2020 programme (grant 649307). M. Spyrou thanks the Elite program for postdocs of the Baden-Württemberg Stiftung. Open access funding provided by Max Planck Society

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic