Les espaces périurbains non bâtis en France : entre publicisation "urbaine" et privatisation "rurale" ?

International audienceCet article propose d'appréhender les sociabilités en construction au sein des Espaces Périurbains Non Bâtis (EPNB) à partir d'une grille d'interprétation problématisée en termes de processus croisés de publicisation et de privatisation. Après avoir posé les enjeux actuels de ces EPNB, morphologiquement ruraux mais soumis à l'influence urbaine, les auteurs explicitent les rouages de ces deux mouvements antagonistes qui renforcent l'incertitude du jeu social et conduisent les acteurs ordinaires à inventer leurs propres règles de coexistence. Or, en accentuant le rôle des accommodements quotidiens, cette tension interroge également le caractère opératoire du clivage rural-urbain. Alors que, depuis quelques années, des approches théoriques prônent l'émergence de nouvelles catégories de connaissance pour penser le périurbain, cet article invite à considérer que les relations sociales à l'œuvre dans les EPNB demeurent encore de l'ordre d'une hybridation entre rural et urbain. Cette perspective ouvre des pistes pour envisager les modalités concrètes d'une régulation publique de ces espaces en France

Réflexion autour de la dimension spatiale des processus normatifs

Cet article propose une réflexion sur le rôle de l’espace dans la redéfinition des modalités du vivre-ensemble entre les agriculteurs et les autres usagers d’un département rural soumis à une intense diversification sociale et fonctionnelle. Après avoir justifié pourquoi l’urbanité rurale ne saurait se résumer à une culture de territoires, on présente deux idéaux types (l’espace ouvert et le lieu) permettant d’évaluer l’inventivité normative des situations de coprésence entre agriculteurs et non agriculteurs à l’aune de leurs pratiques spatiales. Tandis que les places de village ou les sphères du voisinage sont de plus en plus appropriées et fréquentées sous la forme d’espaces ouverts, c’est-à-dire sur le mode de l’évitement et de la consommation, l’ouverture des exploitations agricoles au public rend possible la construction de lieux et l’émergence d’un dialogue interculturel.This article investigates the role of space in the redefining of « living together » between the farmers and the other users of a rural subdivision subject to an intense social and functional reorganization. Having explained why the rural urbanity is not reduced to a culture of territories, two representative types are introduced (open space and place) allowing the assessment of the normative inventiveness of the situations of mutual presence between farmers and nonfarmers according to their spatial practices. Whereas villages squares and neighbourhoods are used as open space, that is on the avoidance and consumption modes, the opening of farms to the public remakes possible the construction of places and the emergence of an intercultural dialogue

L’ouverture au public des exploitations agricoles en Dordogne : processus de publicisation ou diffusion des normes urbaines ?

La notion de publicisation des campagnes, telle qu’elle s’est développée depuis les années 1990, renvoie à un double mouvement : d’une part la diversification sociale et fonctionnelle des espaces ruraux, d’autre part la montée en puissance d’un « droit de regard » de la société sur les activités agricoles et le devenir des campagnes. Elle permettrait donc de relier les problématiques de la coexistence spatiale des usages et de la construction politique des nouvelles ruralités. Faisant l’hypothèse qu’on devrait retrouver la trace de ces deux dynamiques dans les pratiques ordinaires, cet article se propose d’étudier plus spécifiquement ce qui se joue lors de l’ouverture au public des exploitations agricoles. Or, l’enquête menée en Dordogne révèle que la tentative de constituer un espace public juxtaposé à la sphère privée des agriculteurs est, dans le cas des activités d’accueil à la ferme, rendue incertaine par la construction simultanée d’espaces de sociabilités symboliques informés par les normes urbaines de la séparation et de l’évitement.The notion of countryside publicization such as it has been developed since the 1990s, refers to a doubling movement. On the one hand the social and functional diversification of the rural areas. On the other hand, the civil society claims a “right of inspection” on agricultural activity and the future of countryside. The publicization would thus allow linking the problems of spatial coexistence of different uses and the political regulations of modern rurality. This article proposes to analyze the way opening farms to the public may contribute to these two dynamics. It places the question on common practices. A survey conducted in Dordogne (France) shows ambiguities. Indeed the planning of farm renders the spreading of the urban norms that define separation and avoidance. Even if it allows adjustments between farmers and visitors, it also makes the emergence of public space uncertain

Introduction

Depuis la fin des années 1970, les sciences sociales hésitent à parler d’un essoufflement, d’un dépassement ou d’une radicalisation de la modernité tout en semblant s’accorder sur la perte de légitimité des modèles transmis et la rupture des appartenances sociales. L’aspiration de chacun à se réaliser et les luttes pour la reconnaissance des droits culturels (Touraine, 2005) accompagneraient le long déclin des institutions, des anciennes sécurités et autres figures de la normalité (Dubet, 200..

The Importance of Being Hybrid for Spatial Epidemic Models: A Multi-Scale Approach

International audienceThis work addresses the spread of a disease within an urban system, defined as a network of interconnected cities. The first step consists of comparing two different approaches: a macroscopic one, based on a system of coupled Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) systems exploiting populations on nodes and flows on edges (so-called metapopulational model), and a hybrid one, coupling ODE SIR systems on nodes and agents traveling on edges. Under homogeneous conditions (mean field approximation), this comparison leads to similar results on the outputs on which we focus (the maximum intensity of the epidemic, its duration and the time of the epidemic peak). However, when it comes to setting up epidemic control strategies, results rapidly diverge between the two approaches, and it appears that the full macroscopic model is not completely adapted to these questions. In this paper, we focus on some control strategies, which are quarantine, avoidance and risk culture, to explore the differences, advantages and disadvantages of the two models and discuss the importance of being hybrid when modeling and simulating epidemic spread at the level of a whole urban system

The Importance of Being Hybrid for Spatial Epidemic Models: A Multi-Scale Approach

This work addresses the spread of a disease within an urban system, defined as a network of interconnected cities. The first step consists of comparing two different approaches: a macroscopic one, based on a system of coupled Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) systems exploiting populations on nodes and flows on edges (so-called metapopulational model), and a hybrid one, coupling ODE SIR systems on nodes and agents traveling on edges. Under homogeneous conditions (mean field approximation), this comparison leads to similar results on the outputs on which we focus (the maximum intensity of the epidemic, its duration and the time of the epidemic peak). However, when it comes to setting up epidemic control strategies, results rapidly diverge between the two approaches, and it appears that the full macroscopic model is not completely adapted to these questions. In this paper, we focus on some control strategies, which are quarantine, avoidance and risk culture, to explore the differences, advantages and disadvantages of the two models and discuss the importance of being hybrid when modeling and simulating epidemic spread at the level of a whole urban system

: Recueil de fiches pédagogiques du réseau MAPS

DoctoralLe réseau thématique MAPS «Modélisation multi-Agent appliquée aux Phénomènes Spatialisés » propose depuis 2009 des évènements scientifiques ayant pour but de diffuser les pratiques de modélisations multi-agents au sein des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société (SHS). Ce collectif pluridisciplinaire de chercheurs, d’enseignants-chercheurs et de doctorants est labellisé en tant que ≪ réseau thématique » par le Réseau National des Systèmes Complexes (GIS RNSC) et bénéficie du soutien du CNRS au titre de la Formation Permanente. Depuis 2009, plusieurs modèles ont été développés au cours d'événements MAPS. Ces modèles ont fait l'objet de fiches pédagogiques détaillées destinées aux communautés éducatives et universitaires et en particulier aux enseignants qui souhaiteraient faire découvrir la modélisation à leurs étudiants, mais aussi à ceux qui envisagent d’approfondir certains aspects avec un public plus averti. Elles sont également destinées à tous les curieux qui souhaiteraient découvrir ce que la modélisation apporte aux SHS, du point de vue heuristique et du point de vue opérationnel. Enfin, elles sont aussi des supports pour toutes les personnes qui souhaiteraient diffuser les réflexions scientifiques sur la modélisation et la simulation qui ont présidé à la rédaction de ces fiches

Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals

The concept that postnatal health and development can be influenced by events that occur in utero originated from epidemiological studies in humans supported by numerous mechanistic (including epigenetic) studies in a variety of model species. Referred to as the ‘developmental origins of health and disease’ or ‘DOHaD’ hypothesis, the primary focus of large-animal studies until quite recently had been biomedical. Attention has since turned towards traits of commercial importance in farm animals. Herein we review the evidence that prenatal risk factors, including suboptimal parental nutrition, gestational stress, exposure to environmental chemicals and advanced breeding technologies, can determine traits such as postnatal growth, feed efficiency, milk yield, carcass composition, animal welfare and reproductive potential. We consider the role of epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms of inheritance, and discuss implications for livestock production and future research endeavours. We conclude that although the concept is proven for several traits, issues relating to effect size, and hence commercial importance, remain. Studies have also invariably been conducted under controlled experimental conditions, frequently assessing single risk factors, thereby limiting their translational value for livestock production. We propose concerted international research efforts that consider multiple, concurrent stressors to better represent effects of contemporary animal production systems

MUSiC : a model-unspecific search for new physics in proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV

Results of the Model Unspecific Search in CMS (MUSiC), using proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), are presented. The MUSiC analysis searches for anomalies that could be signatures of physics beyond the standard model. The analysis is based on the comparison of observed data with the standard model prediction, as determined from simulation, in several hundred final states and multiple kinematic distributions. Events containing at least one electron or muon are classified based on their final state topology, and an automated search algorithm surveys the observed data for deviations from the prediction. The sensitivity of the search is validated using multiple methods. No significant deviations from the predictions have been observed. For a wide range of final state topologies, agreement is found between the data and the standard model simulation. This analysis complements dedicated search analyses by significantly expanding the range of final states covered using a model independent approach with the largest data set to date to probe phase space regions beyond the reach of previous general searches.Peer reviewe

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe