La fonction neuromusculaire dans les maladies chroniques (évaluation, impact clinique et réentraînement)

La diminution de la force et l'exacerbation de la fatigue neuromusculaire sont fortement impliquées dans l'altération des capacités fonctionnelles, de la tolérance à l'effort et du pronostic de patients porteurs de pathologies chroniques variées. Ces altérations peuvent trouver leurs origines dans des atteintes primaires de la fonction neuromusculaire et/ou des atteintes secondaires causées par exemple, par une diminution de l'activité spontanée favorisée par une pathologie chronique. Ainsi, la faiblesse et la fatigabilité musculaire sont des symptômes très fréquemment rapportés dans les maladies neuromusculaires (myopathies/neuropathies d'origine génétique ou acquise), les pathologies impliquant le système cardiovasculaire (insuffisance cardiaque) et/ou respiratoire (broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO)). Ces symptômes sont aussi fréquemment associés aux syndromes idiopathiques de douleurs chroniques accompagnées d'anomalies de la nociception (syndrome fibromyalgique). Le développement d'outils d'évaluation bien tolérés et fiables de la force, de l'endurance et de la fatigue neuromusculaire est d'une importance cruciale pour approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques et pour disposer de critères de jugement de qualité dans le cadre d'études observationnelles et interventionnelles. Dans ce contexte, la stimulation artificielle électrique s'est révélée être un outil performant pour évaluer in situ la fonction musculaire chez l'humain au repos et au cours de l'exercice. Plus spécifiquement, la stimulation magnétique des troncs nerveux périphériques a montré des prédispositions intéressantes pour l'évaluation de la fonction des muscles locomoteurs et respiratoires dans le cadre clinique. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons développé des outils d'évaluation de la force, de l'endurance et de la fatigue neuromusculaire en utilisant la neurostimulation magnétique et des protocoles d'exercice potentiellement applicables chez le patient. Nous avons étudié leurs capacités à détecter des différences liées au sexe, l'âge et au statut d'entrainement. Dans un second temps, nous avons appliqué nos évaluations dans le cadre de maladies neuromusculaires et de syndromes douloureux chroniques. Chez le patient BPCO, nous avons étudié les phénomènes de fatigue des muscles respiratoires et locomoteurs, leur impact sur la réponse à l'effort ainsi que leurs relations entre eux et avec les symptômes perçus. Chez ces patients, nous avons recherché les effets d'un entraiment d'une prise en charge combinant un entrainement des muscles locomoteurs et un entrainement des muscles respiratoires sur ces paramètres.Strength loss and enhanced neuromuscular fatigue are major contributing factors of impaired functional capacities, exercise tolerance and prognosis in patients with various chronic diseases. These alterations can rely on primary deficiencies of neuromuscular function and/or secondary impairments caused by decreased spontaneous physical activity promoted by a chronic disease. Consequently, muscle weakness and enhanced fatigability are frequently reported symptoms in neuromuscular (inherited or noninherited myopathies/neuropathies), cardiovascular (chronic cardiac failure) and respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) and idiopathic painful syndromes associated with alteration of nociception (fibromyalgia syndrome). The development of reliable and well-tolerated evaluations of muscle strength, endurance and fatigue is of major interest to better understand the physiopathology of the diseases and to provide relevant outcomes for observational or interventional studies. Artificially muscular electrical stimulation has been recognized as a valuable tool for noninvasive assessments of neuromuscular function at rest and during exercise in human. Recently, magnetic stimulation showed interesting skills to assess both peripheral and respiratory muscles in the clinical field. During this work, we developed tools to assess muscle strength, endurance and fatigue using magnetic neurostimulation and exercise protocols usable in patients. We studied its ability to detect differences related to sex, age and training status. Then we used these procedures in neuromuscular diseases and fibromyalgia syndrome. In COPD patients, we assessed respiratory and locomotor muscle fatigue and studied how these phenomena impact on exercise response and perceived symptoms. In these patients, we also assessed the combined effects of locomotor and respiratory muscle training on these parameters.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Safety and efficacy of a 6-month home-based exercise program in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Background: Previous randomized controlled trials investigating exercise training programs in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) patients are scarce and of short duration only. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of a 6-month home-based exercise training program on fitness, muscle, and motor function in FSHD patients. Methods: Sixteen FSHD patients were randomly assigned to training (TG) and control (CG) groups (both n = 8) in a home-based exercise intervention. Training consisted of cycling 3 times weekly for 35 minutes (combination of strength, high-intensity interval, and low-intensity aerobic) at home for 24 weeks. Patients in CG also performed an identical training program (CTG) after 24 weeks. The primary outcome was change in peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 peak) measured every 6 weeks. The principal secondary outcomes were maximal quadriceps strength (MVC) and local quadriceps endurance every 12 weeks. Other outcome measures included maximal aerobic power (MAP) and experienced fatigue every 6 weeks, 6-minute walking distance every 12 weeks, and muscle characteristics from vastus lateralis biopsies taken pre- and postintervention. Results: The compliance rate was 91% in TG. Significant improvements with training were observed in the VO 2 peak (+19%, P = 0.002) and MAP by week 6 and further to week 24. Muscle endurance, MVC, and 6-minute walking distance increased and experienced fatigue decreased. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area and citrate synthase activity increased by 34% (P = 0.008) and 46% (P = 0.003), respectively. Dystrophic pathophysiologic patterns were not exacerbated. Similar improvements were experienced by TG and CTG. Conclusions: A combined strength and interval cycling exercise-training program compatible with patients' daily professional and social activities leads to significant functional benefits without compromising muscle tissue

Acceptability and feasibility of magnetic femoral nerve stimulation in older, functionally impaired patients

Abstract Objective Magnetic femoral nerve stimulation to test muscle function has been largely unexplored in older people. We assessed acceptability, feasibility, along with reproducibility and correlation with other physical function measures. Results Study 1 recruited older people with sarcopenia. Stimulation was performed at baseline and 2 weeks along with six minute walk (6MW), maximum voluntary quadriceps contraction, short physical performance battery and grip strength. Acceptability was measured using visual analog scales. Study 2 used baseline data from a trial of older people. We correlated stimulation results with 6MW, maximal voluntary contraction and muscle mass. Maximum quadriceps twitch tension was measured in both studies, evoked using biphasic magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve. In study 1 (n = 12), magnetic stimulation was well tolerated with mean discomfort rating of 9% (range 0–40%) on a visual analog scale. Reproducibility was poor (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.06; p = 0.44). Study 2 (n = 64) showed only weak to moderate correlations for maximum quadriceps twitch tension with other measures of physical function (6 minute walk test r = 0.24, p = 0.06; maximal voluntary contraction r = 0.26; p = 0.04). We conclude that magnetic femoral nerve stimulation is acceptable and feasible but poorly reproducible in older, functionally impaired people

The Modified Dynamic Gait Index and Limits of Stability in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the performance of balance and walking tests in relation to self-reported fall history in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). METHODS: Twenty-two (13 male) participants with DM1 completed, a 6-month fall history questionnaire, the modified Dynamic Gait Index (mDGI), limits of stability (LoS) testing, and 10-m walking tests. RESULTS: Mean (SD) falls in 6 months was 3.7 (3.1), and 19 (86%) participants reported at least 1 fall. Significant differences in mDGI scores (P = 0.006) and 10-m fast walking gait velocity (P = 0.02) were found between those who had been classified as fallers and those who had been classified as nonfallers. Significant correlations were found between mDGI scores and 10-m walking time. DISCUSSION: Falls are common in DM1, and the mDGI may have potential to distinguish fallers from nonfallers, whereas the LoS failed to detect such impairment. Future studies should further explore use of the mDGI in DM1

The assessment of neuromuscular fatigue during 120 min of simulated soccer exercise

Purpose This investigation examined the development of neuromuscular fatigue during a simulated soccer match incorporating a period of extra time (ET) and the reliability of these responses on repeated test occasions. Methods Ten male amateur football players completed a 120 min soccer match simulation (SMS). Before, at half time (HT), full time (FT), and following a period of ET, twitch responses to supramaximal femoral nerve and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were obtained from the knee-extensors to measure neuromuscular fatigue. Within 7 days of the first SMS, a second 120 min SMS was performed by eight of the original ten participants to assess the reliability of the fatigue response. Results At HT, FT, and ET, reductions in maximal voluntary force (MVC; −11, −20 and −27%, respectively, P ≤ 0.01), potentiated twitch force (−15, −23 and −23%, respectively, P < 0.05), voluntary activation (FT, −15 and ET, −18%, P ≤ 0.01), and voluntary activation measured with TMS (−11, −15 and −17%, respectively, P ≤ 0.01) were evident. The fatigue response was robust across both trials; the change in MVC at each time point demonstrated a good level of reliability (CV range 6–11%; ICC2,1 0.83–0.94), whilst the responses identified with motor nerve stimulation showed a moderate level of reliability (CV range 5–18%; ICC2,1 0.63–0.89) and the data obtained with motor cortex stimulation showed an excellent level of reliability (CV range 3–6%; ICC2,1 0.90–0.98). Conclusion Simulated soccer exercise induces a significant level of fatigue, which is consistent on repeat tests, and involves both central and peripheral mechanisms

Relationships between muscle size, strength, and physical activity in adults with muscular dystrophy

© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders. Background: Muscular dystrophy (MD) is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness, yet few comparisons to non-MD controls (CTRL) of muscle strength and size in this adult population exist. Physical activity (PA) is promoted to maintain health and muscle strength within MD; however, PA reporting in adults with MD is limited to recall data, and its impact on muscle strength is seldom explored. Methods: This study included 76 participants: 16 non-MD (CTRL, mean age 35.4), 15 Duchenne MD (DMD, mean age 24.2), 18 Becker's MD (BMD, mean age 42.4), 13 limb-girdle MD (LGMD, mean age 43.1), and 14 facioscapulohumeral MD (mean age 47.7). Body fat (%) and lean body mass (LBM) were measured using bioelectrical-impedance. Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) was determined using B-mode ultrasound. Isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was assessed during plantar flexion (PFMVC) and knee extension (KEMVC). PA was measured for seven continuous days using triaxial accelerometry and was expressed as daily average minutes being physically active (TPAmins) or average daily percentage of waking hours being sedentary (sedentary behaviour). Additionally, 10 m walk time was assessed. Results: Muscular dystrophy groups had 34–46% higher body fat (%) than CTRL. DMD showed differences in LBM with 21–28% less LBM than all other groups. PFMVC and KEMVC were 36–75% and 24–92% lower, respectively, in MD groups than CTRL. GM ACSA was 47% and 39% larger in BMD and LGMD, respectively, compared with CTRL. PFMVC was associated with GM ACSA in DMD (P = 0.026, R = 0.429) and CTRL (P = 0.015, R = 0.553). MD groups were 14–38% more sedentary than CTRL groups, while DMD were more sedentary than BMD (14%), LGMD (8%), and facioscapulohumeral MD (14%). Sedentary behaviour was associated with LBM in DMD participants (P = 0.021, R = −0.446). TPAmins was associated with KEMVC (P = 0.020, R = 0.540) in BMD participants, while TPAmins was also the best predictor of 10 m walk time (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.540) in ambulant MD, revealed by multiple linear regression. Conclusions: Quantified muscle weakness and impaired 10 m walking time is reported in adults with MD. Muscle weakness and 10 m walk time were associated with lower levels of TPA in adults with MD. Higher levels of sedentary behaviour were associated with reduced LBM in DMD. These findings suggest a need for investigations into patterns of PA behaviour, and relevant interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour and encourage PA in adults with MD regardless of impairment severity

Novel Muscle Imaging in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases—A Focus on Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography and Quantitative MRI

In recent years, imaging has played an increasing role in the clinical management of patients with rheumatic diseases with respect to aiding diagnosis, guiding therapy and monitoring disease progression. These roles have been underpinned by research which has enhanced our understanding of disease pathogenesis and pathophysiology of rheumatology conditions, in addition to their key role in outcome measurement in clinical trials. However, compared to joints, imaging research of muscles is less established, despite the fact that muscle symptoms are very common and debilitating in many rheumatic diseases. Recently, it has been shown that even though patients with rheumatoid arthritis may achieve clinical remission, defined by asymptomatic joints, many remain affected by lingering constitutional systemic symptoms like fatigue, tiredness, weakness and myalgia, which may be attributed to changes in the muscles. Recent improvements in imaging technology, coupled with an increasing clinical interest, has started to ignite new interest in the area. This perspective discusses the rationale for using imaging, particularly ultrasound and MRI, for investigating muscle pathology involved in common inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The muscles associated with rheumatic diseases can be affected in many ways, including myositis—an inflammatory muscle condition, and myopathy secondary to medications, such as glucocorticoids. In addition to non-invasive visual assessment of muscles in these conditions, novel imaging techniques like shear wave elastography and quantitative MRI can provide further useful information regarding the physiological and biomechanical status of the muscle

The role of the peripheral and central nervous systems in rotator cuff disease

Rotator cuff (RC) disease is an extremely common condition associated with shoulder pain, reduced functional capacities and impaired quality of life. It primarily involves alterations in tendon health and mechanical properties that can ultimately lead to tendon failure. RC tendon tears induce progressive muscular changes that negatively impact surgical reparability of the RC tendons and clinical outcomes. At the same time, a significant base of clinical data suggests a relatively weak relationship between RC integrity and clinical presentation, emphasizing the multifactorial aspects of RC disease. This review aims to summarize the potential contribution of peripheral, spinal and supraspinal neural factors that may: (i) exacerbate structural and functional muscle changes induced by tendon tear, (ii) compromise the reversal of these changes during surgery and rehabilitation, (iii) contribute to pain generation and persistence of pain, iv) impair shoulder function through reduced proprioception, kinematics and muscle recruitment, and iv) help to explain interindividual differences and response to treatment. Given the current clinical and scientific interest in peripheral nerve injury in the context of RC disease and surgery, we carefully reviewed this body of literature with a particular emphasis for suprascapular neuropathy that has generated a large number of studies in the past decade. Within this process, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and suggest research avenues for scientists and clinicians

39. 27 septembre 1831 : Arrêté portant nomination de six agrégés pour les études historiques et géographiques

Montalivet Camille Bachasson. 39. 27 septembre 1831 : Arrêté portant nomination de six agrégés pour les études historiques et géographiques. In: L'histoire et la géographie dans l'enseignement secondaire. Textes officiels. Tome 1: 1795-1914. Paris : Institut national de recherche pédagogique, 2000. p. 135. (Bibliothèque de l'Histoire de l'Education, 8

Témoignage de Claude Bachasson-Brugère

Bachasson-Brugère Claude. Témoignage de Claude Bachasson-Brugère. In: Hommages à Jean Pouilloux. Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 1998. pp. 57-58. (Collection de la Maison de l'Orient. Hors série, 5