Under the Skin of a Lion: Unique Evidence of Upper Paleolithic Exploitation and Use of Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) from the Lower Gallery of La Garma (Spain)

ABSTRACT: Pleistocene skinning and exploitation of carnivore furs have been previously inferred from archaeological evidence. Nevertheless, the evidence of skinning and fur processing tends to be weak and the interpretations are not strongly sustained by the archaeological record. In the present paper, we analyze unique evidence of patterned anthropic modification and skeletal representation of fossil remains of cave lion (Panthera spelaea) from the Lower Gallery of La Garma (Cantabria, Spain). This site is one of the few that provides Pleistocene examples of lion exploitation by humans. Our archaeozoological study suggests that lion-specialized pelt exploitation and use might have been related to ritual activities during the Middle Magdalenian period (ca. 14800 cal BC). Moreover, the specimens also represent the southernmost European and the latest evidence of cave lion exploitation in Iberia. Therefore, the study seeks to provide alternative explanations for lion extinction in Eurasia and argues for a role of hunting as a factor to take into account

Choice of the initial antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive individuals in the era of integrase inhibitors

BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe the most frequently prescribed initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in recent years in HIV-positive persons in the Cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS) and to investigate factors associated with the choice of each regimen. METHODS: We analyzed initial ART regimens prescribed in adults participating in CoRIS from 2014 to 2017. Only regimens prescribed in >5% of patients were considered. We used multivariable multinomial regression to estimate Relative Risk Ratios (RRRs) for the association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the choice of the initial regimen. RESULTS: Among 2874 participants, abacavir(ABC)/lamivudine(3TC)/dolutegavir(DTG) was the most frequently prescribed regimen (32.1%), followed by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/elvitegravir(EVG)/cobicistat(COBI) (14.9%), TDF/FTC/rilpivirine (RPV) (14.0%), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/FTC/EVG/COBI (13.7%), TDF/FTC+DTG (10.0%), TDF/FTC+darunavir/ritonavir or darunavir/cobicistat (bDRV) (9.8%) and TDF/FTC+raltegravir (RAL) (5.6%). Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, starting TDF/FTC/RPV was less likely in patients with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+DTG was more frequent in those with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+RAL and TDF/FTC+bDRV were also more frequent among patients with CD4<200 cells//muL and with transmission categories other than men who have sex with men. Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, the prescription of other initial ART regimens decreased from 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 with the exception of TDF/FTC+DTG. Differences in the choice of the initial ART regimen were observed by hospitals' location. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of initial ART regimens is consistent with Spanish guidelines' recommendations, but is also clearly influenced by physician's perception based on patient's clinical and sociodemographic variables and by the prescribing hospital location

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Additional file 1: of Concomitant histone deacetylase and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition synergistically prevents the disruption in synaptic plasticity and it reverses cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Additional methods. Table S1. Pharmacokinetic parameters and blood-brain barrier permeability for vorinostat and tadalafil. Figure S1. Mean plasmatic concentration evolution versus time after different administrations of vorinostat (SAHA, 12.5 mg/kg, i.p. administration) (a), tadalafil (1 mg/kg, oral administration) (b) and concomitant vorinostat and tadalafil administration (12.5 mg/kg, i.p. administration, and 1 mg/kg, oral administration, respectively) (c). Figure S2. Memory tests after chronic treatment with vehicle in non-transgenic mice (WT) compared to transgenic mice (Tg2576). Figure S3. (a) Representative Western blot bands using the AT8 (pTau) antibody normalized to total tau (T46) in cortical tissues of WT and Tg2576 animals treated with vehicle. The histograms represent the quantification of the immunochemically reactive bands in the Western blot. An increase in pTau levels in Tg2576 mice receiving vehicle are shown compared to WT-vehicle mice. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 8–10 in each group) (**p ≤ 0.01). (b) Representative Golgi staining images of the apical dendrites on CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons in WT and Tg2576 animals treated with vehicle. Scale bar: 10 μm. WT vehicle group showed a significantly higher level in the spine density of apical dendrites on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons than Tg2576 vehicle mice (n = 34–36 neurons; ***p ≤ 0.001). (PDF 270 kb

Correction to: International prospective observational cohort study of Zika in infants and pregnancy (ZIP study): study protocol

Submitted by Raphael Belchior ([email protected]) on 2020-04-02T14:11:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CRIS-IGM - IAM - IFF - Correction to International prospective observational.pdf: 200493 bytes, checksum: eaf9fa851765899cd56883a5e128bb4e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Raphael Belchior ([email protected]) on 2020-04-02T14:14:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CRIS-IGM - IAM - IFF - Correction to International prospective observational.pdf: 200493 bytes, checksum: eaf9fa851765899cd56883a5e128bb4e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-02T14:14:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CRIS-IGM - IAM - IFF - Correction to International prospective observational.pdf: 200493 bytes, checksum: eaf9fa851765899cd56883a5e128bb4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA.Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis.Centro Nacional de Diagnostico y Referencia, Complejo Nacional de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua.Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Presidência. Centro de Relações Internacionais em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundación para la Alimentación y Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala.Section of Nutrition, Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.Section of Nutrition, Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Aggeu Magalhães. Departmento de Virologia e Terapias Experimentais. Recife, PE, Brasil / School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.Director of Research Institute at Imbanaco Medical Center, Cali, Colombia.Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA.Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS) da Universidade de Pernambuco, Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group, Recife, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.Department of Epidemiology, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA.Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Maternal-Infant Studies Center (CEMI), San Juan, Puerto Rico.Following publication of the original article [1], the author mentioned that two additional NIH staff were involved in the development of the protocol who did not receive recognition in the Acknowledgments section in their published article