Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Additives for Biodiesel produced from different processes / Avaliação do potencial Antioxidante de Aditivos para o Biodiesel produzido a partir de diferentes processos

Soybean oil, used widely by its availability and accessibility as the principal feedstock for biodiesel production in Brazil, presents high susceptibility to oxidation, since it has high levels of unsaturated fatty acids.1 Use of a synthetic antioxidant, actually feasible and effective, could delay the onset of oxidation or reduce its rate for esters derived from oils and fats, one of the major causes of not specified biodiesel in the Brazilian legislation. In order to collaborate with industry on the storage of biodiesel in Brazil, this study tested several additives (0 to 4000ppm) still underused or unused on the market for this purpose and compared them with an additive widely used in the food industry, the butylhydroxytoluene – BHT.2-3 The research was divided in three steps. First step was established to verify the activities of pure additives and mixed with soybean biodiesel.4 For that, it was also, three main transesterification routes used in the Brazilian biodiesel production scenario were also tested, varying the type of catalysts and washing, monitoring stability in long term storage, antioxidant kinetic study and evaluation of specification of the additivated biodiesel. Step 2 mixtures of better performance additives from the first stage were submitted to biodiesel produced by the best process and evaluated in long-term storage tests, in the third stage blends of different types of biodiesel (soy with palm or tallow) were tested in proportions different. Results from step 1 showed that process Company 1 is the less harmful to the activity of the tested additives, mainly during de first month of storage. Most of cases had Kerobit 3627, followed by Kerobit TP26, BHT and Keromet MD100. In tests comparing acid washing steps and types of raw material, the influence of these parameters on esters stability is clear. Less pure raw material (degummed oil) and less aggressive washing (Company 1 process) gave better results. In step 2, it was possible to obtain a blend of additives between Kerobit 3627 and Keromet MD100 (1: 1) capable of conserving the ester for more than 5 years when stored at 25 °C. Soybean biodiesel blends with palm or tallow, richer in saturated esters, seemed to be an interesting alternative, with a inferior effect in the stability comparing it to the additives. At low temperatures, content of saturated ester is a determinant factor in the oxidation stability. On the other hand, time of storage almost not influenced oxidation. When at highest temperatures of storage, the benefit effect of saturated esters amount is minimum, but the time of storage is crucial to guarantee the integrity of the mixture

Production of Solketal Using Acid Zeolites as Catalysts

Commercial solketal is known as Augeo™ SL 191 and is produced by Rhodia (a member of the Solvay Group), which stands out as a slow evaporation solvent derived from glycerin which is considered a renewable source. It has low toxicity to human health and the environment. It is a good solvent for resins and polymers, replacing solvents derived from petroleum, and can be used as an additive of (bio) fuels. This work aimed to study acidy zeolites (H-BEA, H-MOR, H-MFI, and H-FER) as new heterogeneous catalysts of solketal production, through the ketalization reaction of glycerol with acetone. The catalytic activity showed H-BEA > H-MOR = H-MFI > H-FER after 180 min, in kinetics study. The major conversion was 85% for H-BEA. It was also verified that all the catalysts can be reused four times without washing or pretreatment among reactions in batch reactor. The solketal produced in this work was characterized by comparing it with its commercial standard, obtaining very similar characteristics

Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60°C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200°C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations

Processo para extração e esterificação catalítica dos ácidos graxos presentes na escuma de esgoto

Em 8/05/2015: Anuidade de patente de invenção do 11º ao 15º ano no prazo ordinárioConcedidaA inovação ora proposta descreve um processo de esterificação de ácidos graxos presentes na chamada "escuma de esgoto", ou seja, fase sobrenadante do esgoto rica em matéria graxa, sendo que esses ácidos graxos são extraídos da escuma e esterificados por catálise ácida e reagentes como álcool metílico ou etílico

Study of the potential of Neem oil (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) as raw material for the production of methyl esters / Estudo do potencial do óleo de Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) como matéria-prima para a produção de ésteres metílicos

More than 80% of the final cost of producing biodiesel in Brazil is due to the raw material. This aspect increases the interest in looking for new sources for this industry. In this scenario, Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss), a high-yield oilseed (1,250 kg / ha.year), becomes an excellent source of raw material. This culture also brings together other attributes of interest to broad segments of Brazilian society, has bactericidal and insecticidal functions, recognized ease of growth in the field, its wood is economically overvalued, has the capacity to withstand extreme conditions of heat and water pollution, improves fertility soil and rehabilitate degraded land. In order to make the commercial use of Neem oil feasible, the present work was developed, whose main objective was to evaluate the potential of this oil as a raw material for the production of biodiesel. For that, we started with crude Neem oil, provided by Laboratório Biológico Farmacêutico SA (LABIOFAM) in the province of Holguín / Cuba, and a technological route was defined that allowed, starting with the inclusion of an oil pre-treatment step raw material prior to conventional transesterification, produce commercial quality biodiesel. Additionally, it was identified that this biodiesel needs an antioxidant additive to reach the quality specification, a behavior similar to soy biodiesel

Processo catalítico para transesterificação de óleos vegetais e gorduras utilizando-se catalisadores sólidos básicos

Em 26/11/2014: Anuidade de pedido de patente de invenção no prazo ordinário.DepositadaProcesso de transesterificação de mono, di e triglicerídeos presentes nos óleos vegetais e gorduras animais, os quais são transesterificados com álcoois de 1 a 3 átomos de carbono utilizando-se catalisadores sólidos básicos heterogêneos, sendo os produtos da reação são utilizados como combustível ou aditivo para combustível, como solventes, como tenso-ativos, intermediários de tenso-ativos ou como detergentes

Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in √sNN=5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and pseudorapidity (Δη) are measured in √sNN=5.02  TeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1  μb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ΣETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Δη|<5) “near-side” (Δϕ∼0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ΣETPb. A long-range “away-side” (Δϕ∼π) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ΣETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Δη and Δϕ) and ΣETPb dependence. The resultant Δϕ correlation is approximately symmetric about π/2, and is consistent with a dominant cos⁡2Δϕ modulation for all ΣETPb ranges and particle pT

Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of WW bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at s=8\sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements of the $W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+\nu$ and $W^- \rightarrow \mu^-\nu$ cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables, submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13

Measurement of the cross-section of high transverse momentum vector bosons reconstructed as single jets and studies of jet substructure in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a measurement of the cross-section for high transverse momentum W and Z bosons produced in pp collisions and decaying to all-hadronic final states. The data used in the analysis were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV;{\rm Te}{\rm V}$and correspond to an integrated luminosity of$4.6\;{\rm f}{{{\rm b}}^{-1}}$. The measurement is performed by reconstructing the boosted W or Z bosons in single jets. The reconstructed jet mass is used to identify the W and Z bosons, and a jet substructure method based on energy cluster information in the jet centre-of-mass frame is used to suppress the large multi-jet background. The cross-section for events with a hadronically decaying W or Z boson, with transverse momentum${{p}_{{\rm T}}}\gt 320\;{\rm Ge}{\rm V}$and pseudorapidity$|\eta |\lt 1.9$, is measured to be${{\sigma }_{W+Z}}=8.5\pm 1.7$ pb and is compared to next-to-leading-order calculations. The selected events are further used to study jet grooming techniques

Search for R-parity-violating supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons in sqrt(s) =7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for new phenomena in final states with four or more leptons (electrons or muons) is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of $\sqrt{s}=7\;\mathrm{TeV}$ proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in two signal regions: one that requires moderate values of missing transverse momentum and another that requires large effective mass. The results are interpreted in a simplified model of R-parity-violating supersymmetry in which a 95% CL exclusion region is set for charged wino masses up to 540 GeV. In an R-parity-violating MSUGRA/CMSSM model, values of m 1/2 up to 820 GeV are excluded for 10 < tan β < 40