The doping technique in the interface zone treatment: fresh and old concrete connections

Para que as estruturas de concreto alcancem uma vida útil adequada é necessário avaliar a durabilidade e considerar a manutenção das mesmas. Isso tem estimulado o desenvolvimento de tecnologias destinadas a solucionar a problemática de peças deterioradas ou danificadas. Este trabalho analisa o comportamento da zona de interface entre concreto novo e velho após a escarificação do concreto velho (tratamento físico) e o emprego da técnica de dopagem (tratamento químico). A técnica de dopagem consiste na impregnação de pó por via seca ou pasta de alto desempenho, seguida do lançamento de concreto novo, ou no lançamento direto de um concreto novo com características de alto desempenho. O desempenho dessa ligação foi avaliado por meio de ensaios de tração na flexão, até a ruptura, em corpos de prova prismáticos de concreto simples (fck = 20 MPa) e em seguida remoldados. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que a ruptura dos corpos de prova recuperados ocorreu fora da região de interface e que as resistências à flexão desse concreto foram mantidas tais quais as originais, demonstrando a eficácia do procedimento na ligação entre concreto novo e velho.In order for concrete structures to have an adequate lifetime it is necessary to assess their durability and also to consider their maintenance. This has encouraged the development of specific technologies to solve problems concerning deteriorated and damaged parts. This study analyses the behavior of the interface zone between fresh and old concrete after scraping the old concrete (physical treatment) and also using the doping technique (chemical treatment). The doping technique consists in dry powder or high performance paste impregnation followed by fresh concrete pouring, or direct pouring of fresh high performance concrete. The performance of that connection was evaluated through flexural tensile tests until failure. The tests were carried out on conventional concrete prismatic specimens (fck = 20 MPa). At the end of the tests the specimens were remolded. The results indicated that the failure in the remolded specimens occurred outside the interface zone and the flexure resistance values were the same when compared to the original values, showing the efficacy of the procedure for connecting fresh and old concrete

Avaliação do comportamento estrutural de protótipos de lajes pré-moldadas com concreto com resíduo de borracha de pneu

A significant part of concrete produced in Brazil is used to make columns, beams and slabs in building structures. Considering that the inclusion of residues in the concrete can produce a reduction of the structural element strength, and, considering that the roof slab usually does not demand higher actions than the floor slab, it is possible to partially replace the concrete aggregate for economically and ecologically materials. The aim of this work is to present a recycling alternative for tire rubber from retreading process, using it as part of the concrete aggregate in roof slabs. Two unidirectional slab prototypes with lattice joist were tested to the flexure. One of them had some tire rubber residue and the other had not. Vertical displacements and concrete and reinforcement strains were measured with comparing clocks and electric strain gages, respectively. Based on these results and on the kind of the slab collapse, a structural analysis was made. It was observed that the addition of the rubber residue does not make impracticable its technical use and presents advantages for the environmental aspect, though it is structurally less efficient and leads to a higher cement consumption.    Ana Paula Moreno Trigo Escola de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista Alameda Bahia, 550 Ilha Solteira- SP – Brasil  CEP 15385-000 Tel.: (18) 3743-1213 E-mail: [email protected]     Jorge Luís Akasaki Escola de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista Tel.: (18)  3743-1213 E-mail: [email protected]     José Luis Pinheiro Melges Escola de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista, Tel.: (18) 3743-1263 E-mail: [email protected]     Jefferson Sidney Camacho Escola de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista, Tel.: (18)  3743-1212 E-mail: [email protected]     Recebido em 15/05/08 Aceito em 18/12/08   No Brasil, uma significativa parte do volume de concreto produzido é usada em pilares, vigas e lajes das edificações. Desse modo, pensa-se na possibilidade de substituir parcialmente o agregado do concreto por materiais que sejam econômica e ecologicamente viáveis. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo para o reaproveitamento do resíduo proveniente da recauchutagem de pneu, já que este se mostra promissor por ser gerado em abundância. A proposta é utilizá-lo como parte do agregado de concreto para lajes de forro, uma vez que essas lajes não demandam ações elevadas, quando comparadas às lajes de piso. Sendo assim, foram ensaiados, à flexão, dois protótipos de lajes pré-moldadas treliçadas unidirecionais, sendo uma delas constituída parcialmente por resíduo de borracha de pneu, e o outro não. Através dos deslocamentos verticais, das deformações no concreto e na armadura, e dos modos de ruína observados nos ensaios, foi possível avaliar o comportamento dessas lajes e verificar que a adição do resíduo de borracha de pneu não inviabiliza tecnicamente o seu uso e apresenta vantagens quanto ao aspecto ambiental, embora seja menos eficiente do ponto de vista estrutural e conduza a um maior consumo de cimento

A Stochastic Multi-scale Approach for Numerical Modeling of Complex Materials - Application to Uniaxial Cyclic Response of Concrete

In complex materials, numerous intertwined phenomena underlie the overall response at macroscale. These phenomena can pertain to different engineering fields (mechanical , chemical, electrical), occur at different scales, can appear as uncertain, and are nonlinear. Interacting with complex materials thus calls for developing nonlinear computational approaches where multi-scale techniques that grasp key phenomena at the relevant scale need to be mingled with stochastic methods accounting for uncertainties. In this chapter, we develop such a computational approach for modeling the mechanical response of a representative volume of concrete in uniaxial cyclic loading. A mesoscale is defined such that it represents an equivalent heterogeneous medium: nonlinear local response is modeled in the framework of Thermodynamics with Internal Variables; spatial variability of the local response is represented by correlated random vector fields generated with the Spectral Representation Method. Macroscale response is recovered through standard ho-mogenization procedure from Micromechanics and shows salient features of the uniaxial cyclic response of concrete that are not explicitly modeled at mesoscale.Comment: Computational Methods for Solids and Fluids, 41, Springer International Publishing, pp.123-160, 2016, Computational Methods in Applied Sciences, 978-3-319-27994-

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Study of aggregates doping applied to structural concretes

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a técnica de dopagem em agregados química e mineralogicamente deficientes e tem como objetivo demonstrar que se houver a dopagem de agregados, ainda que haja o limitante das respectivas resistências destes materiais, eles poderão vir a ser utilizados em grandes obras com pleno êxito. A técnica apresenta-se como uma solução para a problemática de disponibilidade de bens minerais, atualmente em declínio em virtude de problemas de sustentabilidade ambiental, de zoneamentos restritivos e de usos competitivos do solo, tornando preocupantes as perspectivas de garantia de suprimento futuro. Por meio da impregnação inicial do agregado com aglomerantes de alto desempenho foi possível modificar sua textura, estabelecer ponte de ligação entre ele e a matriz do concreto e criar carapaça de proteção e reforço, atingindo-se fc28 = 60 MPa nos concretos lateríticos dopados. A eficiência da técnica foi avaliada comparando-se propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais de concretos não dopados (referência) e dopados. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de resistências à compressão, à tração por compressão diametral e à tração na flexão, absorção de água por imersão e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados demonstraram ser possível melhorar agregados graúdos deficientes por meio da dopagem e obter concretos de comportamento comparável ou até superior a concretos usualmente considerados como de bom desempenho. Ainda que seja um estudo inicial, a técnica de dopagem revela-se promissora, com expectativa de uso em agregados normalmente considerados inadequados para concretos estruturais.This thesis presents a study on the doping technique in aggregates disabled chemical and mineralogical and aims to demonstrate that with the technique, although there is a resistances limitation, these aggregates could be used with success in large projects. The doping technique is presented as a solution to the minerals availability problem, currently declining due to environmental sustainability problems, restrictive zoning and land competing uses, fact that worries the future supply security. By impregnating initial of the aggregate with high performance binders was possible to modify its texture, to establish a bridge between it and the concrete matrix and create shell protection and enhancement, reaching fc28 = 60 MPa in lateritic doped concrete. Mechanical and microstructural properties of reference concretes and doped concretes were compared to evaluate the doping efficiency. Testing of compressive strength, tensile strength by diametrical compression and tensile strength in bending, water absorption by immersion and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The results indicate that deficient coarse aggregates can be improved by the doping technique and it is possible to obtain specific behavior comparable or even superior to concrete usually considered to be of good performance. Although it is an initial study, the doping technique seems to be promising, with expected use in aggregates considered unsuitable for structural concrete

Estudo de lajes com adição de resíduo de pneu

No Brasil, o concreto armado é bastante empregado na confecção de pilares, vigas e lajes das estruturas de edificações. As lajes são utilizadas como piso ou forro e, considerandose que a laje de forro não demanda ações elevadas, quando comparada à laje de piso, pensa-se na possibilidade de substituir parcialmente o agregado do concreto por outros materiais que sejam, ecológica e economicamente, viáveis. Desses materiais, o resíduo de borracha se mostra promissor, por ser gerado em abundância. Este trabalho objetiva mostrar uma alternativa de reaproveitamento para o resíduo proveniente do processo de recauchutagem de pneu, utilizando-o como parte do agregado de concreto para lajes de forro. São ensaiadas, à flexão, duas lajes unidirecionais, sendo uma delas constituída parcialmente por resíduo de borracha de pneu, e a outra sem, ambas formadas por vigotas pré-moldadas treliçadas. Através dos deslocamentos verticais, das deformações no concreto e na armadura, medidos com auxílio de relógios comparadores e extensômetros elétricos, e dos modos de ruptura da estrutura, obtidos nos ensaios, avalia-se o comportamento dessas lajes.In Brazil, the reinforced concrete is used for pillars, beams and slabs. The slabs are used as floor or lining and, as the lining slab do not demand raised actions, when compared with the floor slab, it is possible to replace partially the concrete aggregate for ecologically and economically viable materials. From these materials, the rubber residue is promising and abundant. The aim of this work is to show a recycling alternative for tire rubber from retreading process, using it as part of the concrete aggregate in lining slabs. Two unidirectional slabs are assayed to the flexure, one partially with tire rubber residue and another one without, both formed by precast lattice joist. The slabs behavior is evaluated through the vertical displacements, concrete and reinforcement deformations, measured with comparing clocks and electric strain gages, and structure rupture ways.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

A técnica de dopagem no tratamento da zona de interface: ligações entre concreto novo e velho

Para que as estruturas de concreto alcancem uma vida útil adequada é necessário avaliar a durabilidade e considerar a manutenção das mesmas. Isso tem estimulado o desenvolvimento de tecnologias destinadas a solucionar a problemática de peças deterioradas ou danificadas. Este trabalho analisa o comportamento da zona de interface entre concreto novo e velho após a escarificação do concreto velho (tratamento físico) e o emprego da técnica de dopagem (tratamento químico). A técnica de dopagem consiste na impregnação de pó por via seca ou pasta de alto desempenho, seguida do lançamento de concreto novo, ou no lançamento direto de um concreto novo com características de alto desempenho. O desempenho dessa ligação foi avaliado por meio de ensaios de tração na flexão, até a ruptura, em corpos de prova prismáticos de concreto simples (fck = 20 MPa) e em seguida remoldados. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que a ruptura dos corpos de prova recuperados ocorreu fora da região de interface e que as resistências à flexão desse concreto foram mantidas tais quais as originais, demonstrando a eficácia do procedimento na ligação entre concreto novo e velho

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data