Production of food-grade microcarriers based on by-products from the food industry to facilitate the expansion of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells for cultured meat production

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Benzodiazepiner i eldreomsorg ved sykehjem - Sykepleierens og pasientens holdninger, perspektiver og kunnskap

Sammendrag Bakgrunn Flere eldre på sykehjem får faste doser med benzodiazepiner og benzodiazepinderivater selv om dette er kontraindisert, og myndighetene fraråder fast bruk av disse legemidlene. Sykepleiere har en viktig rolle i evaluering av søvnproblematikk hos pasienter, da det er hen som ser pasienten oftest. Hensikt Belyse sykepleieres og pasienters perspektiver på, samt kunnskap om benzodiazepiner og –derivater ved sykehjem. Metode Oppgaven er en strukturert litteraturoversikt av sju artikler fra fagfellevurderte tidsskrift. Artiklene er metodetriangulerte, med kvantitative og kvalitative artikler i litteraturoversikten. Artiklene ble gjennomlest og analysert separat blant forfatterne, og resultatet ble satt inn i to hovedkategorier og fem underkategorier. Resultater Sykepleierne ser ikke på bruken av medikamentene som sitt ansvar, og kan ikke nok om medikamentene. Holdningene til bruken av benzodiazepiner er rigide, og forandring fryder ikke hos sykepleierne. Sykepleiere skal være et ledd for pasienten å bruke ved dialog om medikamentbruken. Sykepleiernes observasjoner og dokumentasjon er viktig i dialog med lege når en vurderer seponering eller nedtrapping av medikamentet. Sykepleieren bør jobbe for alternativer som melatonin og mer konservative søvn-rutiner, for å slippe benzodiazepinenes negative sider. Nøkkelord: Benzodiazepiner, Sykepleie, Sykehjem, Geriatri, Eldre, Pasienter, Holdninger, Bivirkninger, Avhengighet, Holdninger og Medikamenter

FTIR-based prediction of collagen content in hydrolyzed protein samples

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Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly.Peer reviewe

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018):a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points

Nye analysemetoder for karakterisering av proteolytiske reaksjoner : utvikling innen FTIR spektroskopi og klassiske metoder

Enzymatic protein hydrolysis is a well-established industrial process recognized for its potential to improve sustainability in food production by valorization of protein-rich byproducts from the food industry. Monitoring such processes is still a significant challenge, as the existing classical analytical methods are not easily applicable to industrial environments. The lack of fast analytical tools to monitor and control enzymatic protein hydrolysis processes results in high variation in product quality, reducing the possible applications of the hydrolysate products in food and other supplements. The aim of this thesis was, therefore, to expand the analytical toolbox for characterization of proteolytic reactions by the development of new applications based on FTIR spectroscopy and classical analytical methods. This thesis presents methods and approaches that can be adapted to industrial setups as process control and monitoring tools. The four papers that are part of this work also address, in one way or the other, the need for new analytical approaches in this industry. The focus of the three first papers was FTIR-based methods to monitor protein degradation during proteolytic reactions. Dry-film FTIR spectra were used to monitor this development in complex reaction mixtures. Partial least squares regression calibration models were then constructed to predict the two common protein hydrolysate quality parameters, degree of hydrolysis and average molecular weight, by linking the FTIR spectra to classical analysis results. The fourth paper showed how different poultry raw materials and enzyme products affected the protein degradation pattern and the product quality of protein hydrolysates. The work conducted has resulted in a substantial analytical data library, including analytical data of raw materials, hydrolysate products and degradation patterns by following degree of hydrolysis and average molecular weight during enzymatic protein hydrolysis processes. The data collected will be useful in future EPH studies. Overall, the present work represents a step forward towards the increased use and valorization of existing protein resources, as it offers new methods and approaches to monitor, control and understand ongoing enzymatic protein hydrolysis processes.Enzymatisk proteinhydrolyse er en veletablert industriell prosess som gir muligheter for økt utnyttelse av proteinrike biprodukter fra matindustrien, og dermed en mer bærekraftig matproduksjon. Overvåking av slike prosesser er fremdeles en betydelig utfordring siden de eksisterende klassiske analysemetodene ikke enkelt kan brukes industrielt. Mangelen på raske analyseverktøy for å overvåke og kontrollere enzymatiske proteinhydrolyseprosesser resulterer ofte i høy variasjon i produktkvalitet. Dette er med på å begrense de mulige bruksområdene for hydrolyseproduktene. Målet med denne avhandlingen var derfor å utvikle nye karakteriseringsteknikker, basert på FTIR-spektroskopi og klassiske analysemetoder, for å kunne følge proteolytiske reaksjoner. Denne avhandlingen omhandler nye metoder som kan benyttes til prosesstyring og prosessovervåking. De fire artiklene som er en del av dette arbeidet tar på ulike måter for seg behovet for nye analytiske løsninger innen enzymatisk proteinhydrolyse. De tre første artiklene viser hvordan FTIR-spektroskopi kan benyttes for å overvåke proteolytiske nedbrytningsreaksjoner. Tørrfilm FTIR-spektroskopi ble benyttet for å følge nedbrytningen av proteiner i komplekse reaksjonsblandinger, og kvantitative modeller basert på FTIR-spektre og resultater fra klassiske analyser av proteinhydrolyseprøver ble utviklet. Resultatene viser at metodene kan benyttes til å raskt estimere både hydrolysegrad og gjennomsnittligmolekylvekt, som er to vanlige kvalitetsparameterne benyttet i hydrolyseindustrien. Den fjerde artikkelen viser hvordan forskjeller i biproduktsammensetning fra kylling og kalkun, samt ulike enzymtyper, påvirker proteinnedbrytningsprosessen. Resultatet fra analysene viser blant annet at det er forskjeller i nedbrytningsmønsteret og produktkvaliteten til proteinhydrolysatene som ble produsert. Arbeidet har resultert i et omfattende databibliotek med resultater fra analyser av biprodukter før prosessering, hydrolyseprodukter og prøver tatt ut under hydrolyseprosessen. I kombinasjon med nye og eksisterende måledata, vil dette databiblioteket være svært nyttig også i fremtidige studier. De nye metodene som er utviklet for å kunne overvåke enzymatiske proteinhydrolyseprosesser representerer et viktig skritt mot økt bruk av eksisterende proteinressurser og dermed økt bærekraft i dagens matproduksjon

Trifluoroacetylation of electron-rich thiophenes

Electron-rich thiophenes were trifluoroacetylated by trifluoroacetic anhydride with different nitrogen bases in dichloromethane at room temperature in good yields. Trifluoroacetylation without a base gave significantly lower yields.Trifluoroacetylation of electron-rich thiophenessubmittedVersio

Genetic Group Animal Models in the Genomics Era

Denne masteroppgaven tar for seg bruk av dyremodeller med genetiske grupper i studier der vi ser på villdyr-populasjoner. Dyremodellen er en generalisert lineær blandet modell som lar oss undersøke genetiske parametere i en populasjon, for eksempel additiv genetisk varians. Ved hjelp av genetiske grupper kan dyremodellen brukes til å granske disse parametrene i delpopulasjoner som har ulik genetisk struktur. Tradisjonelt sett har dyremodellen basert seg på stamtavledata, men i nyere tid har bruk av genomdata blitt mer vanlig. Hovedfokuset i denne masteroppgaven er en utvidelse av en dyremodell med genombaserte genetiske grupper, som lar oss bruke modellen i ville populasjoner. Utvidelsen vår bygger på gametisk fasing, noe som lar oss inkludere heterozygote genetiske markører, og på en videreutvikling av det matematiske rammeverket, noe som lar oss bruke et villkårlig antall genetiske grupper. Vi setter den genombaserte modellen i kontrast med tradisjonelle stamtavlebaserte dyremodeller og genetiske grupper, som vi også beskriver i detalj. Som et eksempel anvender vi den utvidete genombaserte dyremodellen med genetiske grupper på data fra en metapopulasjon av gråspurver som befinner seg på en øygruppe i Nord-Norge. Til sammenligning anvender vi også en tilsvarende stamtalvebasert modell på det samme datasettet. Begge modellene bruker et bayesiansk rammeverk. A posteriorifordelingene til modellparametrene fra den genombaserte modellen samsvarer i hovedsak med de tilsvarende fordelingene fra den stamtavlebaserte modellen. Vi ser noen mindre uenigheter mellom de to modellene, men disse er typiske når man sammenligner stamtavlebaserte og genombaserte dyremodeller

Syntese av tiofenoner som bakteriell cellefommunikasjons inhibitorer

Bacteria communicate using small signaling molecules as part of a system of communication called quorum sensing (QS) to control gene expression for synchronized bacterial behaviors. A task performed by bacteria that is often controlled by this means is biofilm production, making bacteria more resistant to external factors. Naturally occurring furanones that were isolated from a red macroalgae have been shown to have the ability to interrupt this communication. As a result thiophenones have been synthesized and investigated as a novel class of quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs). Molecules of this class have greater biofilm reduction abilities than furanone equivalents for some bacteria. This discovery resulted in many more thiophenones with a variety of functional groups being synthesized using both classical and new methods. These compounds have been used in biological assays to determine their quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) potential, and have shown promising results. In this study tiobovolide has been synthesized and confirmed to exhibit some QSI properties. In addition to this trifluoromethyllated thiophenones have been synthesized and tested for QSI ability. It was found that most exhibited QSI properties, but that compounds with methyl groups in the 3- and 4-position showed no biological activity. This finding may support a 1,6-Michael-type reaction mechanism that has been suggested to be responsible for bioactivity

Quantitative at-line monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis using benchtop diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Benchtop diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to perform quantitative monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis. The study aimed to test the feasibility of the technology to characterize enzymatic hydrolysis processes in real time. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) was used to measure the signal intensity and apparent self-diffusion constant of solubilized protein in hydrolysate. The NMR technique was tested on an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of red cod, a lean white fish, by the endopeptidase alcalase at 50°C. Hydrolysate samples were manually transferred from the reaction vessel to the NMR equipment. Measurement time was approximately 3 min per time point. The signal intensity from the DOSY experiment was used to measure protein concentration and the apparent self-diffusion constant was converted into an average molecular weight and an estimated degree of hydrolysis. These values were plotted as a function of time and both the rate of solubilization and the rate of protein breakdown could be calculated. In addition to being rapid and noninvasive, DOSY using benchtop NMR spectroscopy has an advantage compared with other enzymatic hydrolysis characterization methods as it gives a direct measure of average protein size; many functional properties of proteins are strongly influenced by protein size. Therefore, a method to give protein concentration and average size in real time will allow operators to more tightly control production from enzymatic hydrolysis. Although only one type of material was tested, it is anticipated that the method should be applicable to a broad variety of enzymatic hydrolysis feedstocks