The thickness of time : the writing of history and appropriation of the past in Brazil, 1830–1930

The recent Brazilian history of historiography perceives the period from 1830 to 1930 as a decisive one for the development of Brazilian historiography, be it for the definition of the disciplinary protocols that frame the historian’s work or for the emergence of problems concerning the disputes over and elaboration of a national identity. The importance of this century has already been established in works on the role of national institutions, such as the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute (IHGB) and the National Museum, and in works on the discursive dimensions of historiographical practice. Thus, a new way to consider the experience of time has been proposed, resulting in a thoughtful understanding of the history of historiography and its field. Therefore, this article aims to offer an overview of the different modulations of temporal experience that appear in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Brazilian historiography, presenting some of the topoi that have organised and shaped it

Desenvolvimento do arco plantar na infância e adolescência: análise plantar em escolas públicas

O arco plantar é desenvolvido nos primeiros anos de vida da criança e diversos factores podem influenciar a sua formação, como a idade, o género e o excesso de peso. O objectivo do presente estudo foi examinar o desenvolvimento do arco plantar em crianças e adolescentes, verificando a prevalência dos diferentes tipos de arcos plantares e investigar quais os factores que podem contribuir para a formação deste arco. A amostra foi constituída por 1.090 alunos de escolas públicas do concelho de Silves, Algarve, de ambos os géneros, com idades compreendidas entre os 2 e 18 anos. Foi calculado o Índice de Massa Corporal e os alunos foram classificados como normopeso, magreza, excesso de peso e obesidade. A análise do arco plantar foi realizada com a utilização de um podógrafo com o indivíduo em posição estática. A impressão plantar foi analisada com a medição do ângulo de Clarke’s, do índice Chippaux-Smirak e do índex do arco de Staheli’s. Os valores médios do ângulo de Clarke’s, do índice Chippaux-Smirak e do índex do arco de Staheli’s revelaram uma prevalência de arco plantar intermédio, pequeno arco longitudinal e arco plantar caído, respectivamente. Os valores do ângulo de Clarke’s, do índice Chippaux-Smirak e do índex do arco de Staheli’s diferiram de forma significativa em relação a ambos os géneros, aos grupos etários e aos grupos com excesso de peso e obesidade. De acordo com os dados obtidos no presente estudo, acredita-se que o género, a idade e o peso corporal são factores que podem influenciar a formação do arco plantar

Development of plantar arch in childhood and adolescence: footprint analysis in public schools

The plantar arch is being developed in the first years of children’s life and there are many factors that can influence this formation such as age, gender and overweight. The aim of this study was to examine the development of plantar arch in children and adolescents checking the prevalence of different types of plantar arch and investigating which factors may contribute to the formation of this arch. The sample consisted of 1.090 students from public schools in the area of Silves, Algarve, of both sexes, aged between 2 and 18 years. The body mass index was calculated and the students were classified as normal weight, thinness, overweight and obesity. The analysis of the plantar arch was performed using a podograph with the person in a static position. Footprint was analyzed by measuring the Clarke’s angle, the index of Chippaux-Smirak and the Staheli’s arch index. The average values of the angle of Clarke’s, the index of Chippaux-Smirak and the Staheli’s arch index revealed a prevalence of intermediate arch, small longitudinal arch and fallen plantar arch, respectively. The values of the angle of Clarke’s, the index of Chippaux-Smirak and the Staheli’s arch index differed significantly for genders, age groups and groups with overweight and obesity. According to data obtained in this study, we believe that gender, age and body weight are factors that can influence the formation of the plantar arch

Aplicação do modelo MGB-IPH na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pardo em diferentes cenários de uso e ocupação do solo

The changes caused to the environment by human actions can influence the availability of water in hydrographic basins, and measuring the impacts caused by these actions is essential for decision-making by management bodies. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform the calibration and validation of the MGB-IPH model to simulate the flow behavior of the Pardo River hydrographic basin in different scenarios of use and occupation of the soil. For this purpose, we used information on the use and occupation of the soil, revealing a reduction in the forest area of the hydrographic basin under study and an increase in the areas dedicated to agricultural activities, between 2001 and 2016. With this information about the basin, with the climatic data and the types of soils available, the model was calibrated and validated, and its performance was verified. The changes in the average, total, maximum, and minimum monthly flow rates simulated by the different scenarios were compared by average test for dependent samples, and we performed the evaluation of the maximum, average, and minimum annual flow rates of the values tested. The MGB-IPH has been satisfactorily validated for the Agência Nacional de Águas, station 53880000, presenting problems with the underestimation of maximum peak flow rates, but managing to adequately represent the observed data in terms of flow rate seasonality, differentiation between wetter and drier years, and between medium and small intensity peak floods. The model was sensitive in identifying the impact of changes in the use and occupation of the soil in simulated flow rates for the Pardo river basin, with the 2016 scenario showing higher values of average, total, maximum, and minimum monthly flow rates compared to those found in the 2001 scenario.As alterações causadas pela ação do homem ao meio ambiente podem influenciar a disponibilidade de água em bacias hidrográficas, e mensurar os impactos causados por essa ação é imprescindível para a tomada de decisões por órgãos gestores. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a calibração e validação do modelo MGB-IPH para simular o comportamento da vazão na bacia hidrográfica do rio Pardo em diferentes cenários de uso e ocupação do solo. Para isso, foram usadas informações de uso e ocupação do solo que revelaram que a bacia hidrográfica em estudo teve uma redução em sua área de floresta e aumento das áreas dedicadas às atividades agropecuárias, entre os anos de 2001 e 2016. Com essas informações acerca da bacia e com os dados climáticos e os tipos de solos disponíveis, foram realizadas a calibração e a validação do modelo, que teve seus desempenhos verificados. As mudanças nas vazões mensais médias, totais, máximas e mínimas simuladas pelos diferentes cenários foram comparadas por meio de teste de média para amostras dependentes e avaliação das vazões anuais máximas, médias e mínimas dos valores testados. O MGB-IPH foi validado de forma satisfatória para a estação 53880000 da Agência Nacional de Águas, tendo problemas de subestimativa de picos de vazões máximas, porém conseguindo representar adequadamente os dados observados em termos da sazonalidade das vazões, da diferenciação de anos mais úmidos e anos mais secos, e dos picos de cheias de média e pequena intensidade. O modelo foi sensível ao identificar o impacto das mudanças do uso e ocupação do solo nas vazões simuladas para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Pardo, com o cenário de 2016 apresentando maiores valores de vazões mensais médias, totais, máximas e mínimas que as encontradas no cenário de 2001

Função neuromuscular do bíceps braquial em contração isométrica após termoterapia

The change in temperature of a biological tissue can promote physiological effects that lead to circulatory and nerve changes, such as vasodilation and increased flexibility. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate, through a noninvasive neuromuscular assessment, how thermotherapy influences the muscular strength and the myoelectric signals of the biceps brachial in isometric contraction. Methods: Seventeen volunteers were instructed to perform isometric contraction of the brachial biceps muscle concomitantly with surface electromyography. Electromyographic and force evaluation were performed before and after the intervention with thermotherapeutic resources that consisted of ice therapy for 15 minutes and continuous ultrasound (1MHz, 0.8W/cm2) for 7 minutes. Results: Women have less strength and fewer motor units. However, the frequency of electric inputs of the effector pathways is higher, which indicates a greater propensity to fatigue. After the application of heat, no differences were observed in the neuromuscular response of the contracting brachial biceps. The cryotherapy, however, promoted a significant reduction in the strength and number of motor units activated during the contraction. Conclusion: The cooling of muscle tissue promotes a decrease of muscle fibers activities, since there is a reduction in the velocity of nerve impulse conduction and the reflex of the myotatic arch. In addition, cryotherapy also decreases the sensitivity of the Golgi tendon organs, increases blood viscosity, and causes vasoconstriction. All these factors are combined to culminate in the decrease of neuromuscular activation and, consequently, in the reduction of muscle strength.A alteração na temperatura de um tecido pode promover efeitos fisiológicos que levam a alterações circulatórias e nervosas, tais como vasodilatação e aumento na flexibilidade. Objetivo: Avaliar, através de uma avaliação neuromuscular não invasiva, como a termoterapia influencia na força muscular e nos sinais mioelétricos do bíceps braquial em contração isométrica. Métodos: Dezessete voluntários foram orientados a fazer contração isométrica do músculo bíceps braquial concomitantemente com a eletromiografia de superfície. A avaliação eletromiográfica e de força foram realizadas antes e após a intervenção com recursos termoterapêuticos: gelo (15 minutos) e ultrassom continuo (1MHz, 0.8W/cm2, 7 minutos). Resultados: Mostraram que as mulheres possuem menos força e ativam menos unidades motoras. No entanto, a frequência de disparos elétricos nas vias efetoras é maior, o que indica maior propensão à fadiga. Após a aplicação do calor, não foram observadas diferenças na resposta neuromuscular do bíceps braquial em contração. Já a crioterapia, promoveu redução significativa na força e no número de unidades motoras ativadas durante a contração. O resfriamento do tecido muscular promove a diminuição da ação das fibras musculares, uma vez que há redução da velocidade da condução do impulso nervoso e do reflexo do arco miotático. Além disso, a crioterapia também diminui a sensibilidade dos órgãos tendinosos de Golgi, aumenta a viscosidade sanguínea, provoca a vasoconstrição. Todos estes fatores, somam-se para culminar na diminuição da ativação neuromuscular e, consequentemente, na redução da força do músculo

Search for new phenomena in monophoton final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 TeV

Peer reviewe

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt