Skeletal Age Assessment According to The Greulich and Pyle Atlas in Different Skeletal Malocclusions

Aim:To compare the skeletal age (SA) of the patients with and without different sagittal skeletal malocclusions of the jaws and to compare differences between males and females.Subjects and Methods:The sample comprised 120 patients (mean age 12.00±1.10) referred to our clinic. SA from the conventional roentgenograms of left hands and wrists by using the atlas of GP standards for each gender and skeletal class was estimated. The comparisons among the skeletal classes were done by means of the one way ANOVA test for both genders. Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the individual differences. The mean differences between the SA and chronological age (CA) of the subjects in each group were tested by means of paired t-test.ResultsMean SA for females with Class I, II, and III malocclusions were advanced 0.43, 0.22, and 0.61 years than mean CAs, respectively (P=0.051, P=0.228, and P=0.003). The mean difference between CA and SA for males with Class I, II, and III malocclusions were −0.14, −0.35, and 0.24 years, respectively (P=0.502, P=0.028, and P=0.088). The mean difference for males with Class II (−0.35±0.65) and Class III (0.24±0.59) malocclusions was statistically significant.Conclusion:These results suggest that patients with different skeletal malocclusions may have a different rhythm of skeletal maturation from that of children without malocclusions

Effects of The Maxillary Molar Distalization with Zygoma-Gear Appliance on Maxillary Third Molars

Aim:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a newly produced appliance, named as Zygoma-Gear Appliance (ZGA), on maxillary third molars. We also investigated the effects of ZGA on skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue measurements.Subjects and Methods:The study group included 10 patients (mean age: 18.3±1.8 years) treated with ZGA system supported with zygomatic anchorage miniplates. The changes due to the distalization were evaluated from the lateral cephalometric films taken before and after distalization by means of Paired t-test.Results:The mean treatment period to achieve a Class I molar relationship was 7.9±3.1 months. The distalization amount of the maxillary molar teeth was 3.8±2.1 mm (p 0.05).Conclusions:Maxillary molar distalization without anchorage loss was achieved with ZGA. Maxillary third molars were slight affected by the distalization force

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels are increased in patients with celiac disease

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine produced by epithelial cells in the lungs, skin and intestinal mucosa, and is involved in several physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we evaluated serum TSLP levels in patients with celiac disease (CD). The prospective study was conducted at a gastroenterology outpatient clinic between March 2018 and August 2018. Eighty-nine participants aged between 18 and 75 years were classified into following groups: 22 patients with newly diagnosed CD; 20 patients with CD who were compliant with a gluten-free diet (GFD); 32 patients with CD who were not compliant with a GFD; and 15 healthy controls. Demographic characteristics, disease duration, and selected biochemical and hematologic parameters were recorded and compared between groups. Median serum TSLP levels were 1193.65 pg/mL (range: 480.1–1547.1) in newly diagnosed CD patients, 110.25 pg/mL (range: 60.3–216.7) in CD patients who were compliant with a GFD, 113.1 pg/mL (range: 76.3–303.4) in CD patients who were not compliant with a GFD, and 57 pg/mL (range: 49–67.8) in healthy controls. Overall, there was a significant difference in serum TSLP levels between groups (p = 0.001). Patients with newly diagnosed CD had the highest serum TSLP levels. There was no significant difference in serum TSLP levels between patients with CD who were or were not compliant with a GFD. TSLP appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. Further studies are required to determine if the TSLP signaling pathway can be used in the treatment of CD

Meme kanserinin tanısı ve izlenmesi için mikrodalga uyarımlı termoakustik görüntüleme

Termoakustik görüntüleme, iyonize etkisi olmayan, noktasal ve kontrast çözünürlüğü yüksek yeni bir hibrit görüntüleme modalitesi olup kanserinin erken tanısı ve izlenmesi için uygun bir tekniktir. Bu teknik bilimsel, teknolojik ve ticari potansiyeli olan henüz klinik bir araç haline gelmemiş bir güncel bir konudur. ‘’Meme Kanserinin Tanısı ve İzlenmesi İçin Mikrodalga Uyarımlı Termoakustik Görüntüleme’’ adlı bu projede mikrodalga uyarımlı termoakustik görüntüleme (MUTAG) sisteminin gelişmiş yerli alt yapısı oluşturulmuştur. MUTAG sisteminde görüntülenmek istenen ortamı aydınlatması için mikrodalga darbe üreteci-kuvvetlendirici ünitesi tamamlanmış ve karakterizasyon ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Standart mikrodalga antenin hava-su arasındaki empadans uyumsuzluğu problemi, literatürden farklı olarak tamamen su içinde çalışan mikrodalga anten tasarlanıp gerçekleştirilerek çözülmüştür. Bilgisayar kontrollü deneysel xyz-yönlü konumlandırma-tarama ünitesi tamamlanmış test edilmiştir. Alt üniteler birlikte kullanılarak, deneysel termoakustik işaret toplanmış ve böylece mikrodalga uyarımlı termoakustik görüntü elde edilmiştir. Termoakustik görüntüleme için yüksek görüntü çözünürlüğü veren, maliyeti düşük, katmanlı doku yapısı için yeni kuramsal ve sayısal çözümleme teknikleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, termoakustik dalga denkleminin çözümünde, meme dokusu katmanlı olarak modellenmiştir. Yansımasız ideal sınır koşulları yerine daha gerçekçi olan katmanlar üzerinde süreklilik sınır koşulları kullanılmıştır. Termoakustik dalga denkleminin çok katmanlı silindirik ve düzlemsel doku yapısı için ileri ve ters analitik çözümleri elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çok katmanlı yapılar için sayısal olarak benzetimi yapılmıştır. Meme dokusunun kesit taramasında termoakustik sinyali alacak olan transduser geliştirmede ön empadans uyumlama ve arka yansıma sönümlendirme katmanları tasarım ve uygulama çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Bunun sonucunda %60oransal bant genişliğine sahip 1MHz’lik bir biyomedikal transduser elemanı yapılarak, deneysel testleri tamamlanmıştır. Daha sonra laboratuvar ortamında mevcut bilgisayar kontrollü deneysel konumlandırma-kesit tarama ünitesine ek olarak memenin içine sığabileceği silindirik hazne (açısal ve dikey) kullanılarak tarama sistemi tamamlanmıştır. Kesit tarama yapabilecek çokelemanlı halka transduser dizisi ve tarama sisteminin entegre edileceği platform ulusal kaynaklarla üretilmiştir.Thermoacoustic imaging is a new hybrid imaging modality with no ionization effect, high point and contrast resolution and is a suitable technique for early detection and monitoring of cancer. This technique is an up-to-date issue that has not yet become a clinical tool with scientific, technological and commercial potential. ‘’Microwave Induced Thermoacoustic Imaging for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Follow-up ''This project has developed a developed localinfra-structure of microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging (MUTAG) system.The microwave pulse generator-amplifier unit was completed and characterization measurements were made to illuminate the desired environment in the MUTAG system. The problem of incompatibility of the standard microwave antenna between air and water has been solved by designing and realizing a microwave antenna completely working in water different from the literature. The computer-controlled experimental xyz-directional positioning-scanning unit has been tested for completeness. Using the sub units together, the experimental thermoacoustic signalswas collected and thus a thermoacoustic image with microwaveexcitation was obtained. New theoretical and numerical analysis techniques have been developed for low-cost,multi-layered tissuestructure, which gives high image resolution for thermoacoustic imaging. For this purpose, in the solution of the thermoacoustic wave equation, the breast tissue is modeled as multi-layered. More realistic continuity boundary conditionson layers are used instead of ideal non-reflective boundary conditions. Forward and inverse analytical solutions have been obtained of the thermoacoustic wave equationfor the multi-layered cylindrical and planar tissue structures. In addition, it is simulated numerically for multi-layer structures. The transducer, which will receive the thermoacoustic signal during the cross-section scan of the breast tissue, has been carried out to design and implement pre-empadance alignment and backingreflection damping layers. This resulted in a 1 MHz biomedical transduser with a 60% proportional bandwidth, and the experimental tests were completed. Then, in addition to the computer-controlled experimental positioning-section scanning unit available in the laboratory environment, the scanning system is completed using a cylindrical chamber (angular and vertical) in which breast can fit. The multi-componentring transducer array, which can scan cross-sections, and the platform to integrate the scanning system are manufactured with national resources.TÜBİTA

CD4(+) T cells of myasthenia gravis patients are characterized by ıncreased IL-21, IL-4, and IL-17A productions and higher presence of PD-1 and ICOS

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoantibodies predominantly against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Specific T cell subsets are required for long-term antibody responses, and cytokines secreted mainly from CD4(+) T cells regulate B cell antibody production. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the cytokine expressions of CD4(+) T cells in MG patients with AChR antibodies (AChR-MG) and the effect of immunosuppressive (IS) therapy on cytokine activity and to test these findings also in MG patients without detectable antibodies (SN-MG). Clinically diagnosed AChR-MG and SN-MG patients were included. The AChR-MG patients were grouped as IS-positive and -negative and compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used for ex vivo intracellular cytokine production, and subsets of CD4(+) T cells and circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells were detected phenotypically by the expression of the chemokine and the costimulatory receptors. Thymocytes obtained from patients who had thymectomy were also analyzed. IL-21, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17A productions in CD4(+) T cells were increased in AChR-MG compared to those in healthy controls. IS treatment enhanced IL-10 and reduced IFN-gamma production in AChR-MG patients compared to those in IS-negative patients. Increased IL-21 and IL-4 productions were also demonstrated in SN-MG patients. Among CD4(+) T cells, Th17 cells were increased in both disease subgroups. Treatment induced higher proportions of Th2 cells in AChR-MG patients. Both CXCR5(+) and CXCR5(-) CD4(+) T cells expressed higher programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and inducible costimulatory (ICOS) in AChR-MG and SN-MG groups, mostly irrespective of the treatment. Based on chemokine receptors on CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) in CD4(+) T (cTfh) cells, in AChR-MG patients without treatment, the proportions of Tfh17 cells were higher than those in the treated group, whereas the Tfh1 cells were decreased compared with those in the controls. The relevance of CXCR5 and PD-1 in the pathogenesis of AChR-MG was also suggested by the increased presence of these molecules on mature CD4 single-positive thymocytes from the thymic samples. The study provides further evidence for the importance of IL-21, IL-17A, IL-4, and IL-10 in AChR-MG. Disease-related CD4(+)T cells are identified mainly as PD-1(+) or ICOS+ with or without CXCR5, resembling cTfh cells in the circulation or probably in the thymus. AChR-MG and SN-MG seem to have some similar characteristics. IS treatment has distinctive effects on cytokine expression.Istanbul Universit

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Tradition, interaction, education in Derviş Muhammed branches and understanding poetry of Âşiki

Âşık Edebiyatı, derin etkiler bırakabilmiş bir halk edebiyatı koludur. Tarih sürecinde Âşık Edebiyatı gelişip zenginleşerek günümüze kadar varlığını sürdürmeyi başarabilmiştir. Malatya, aşıklık geleneğinin yaşatıldığı bir ilimizdir. Sivas, Erzincan gibi aşıklık geleneğinin zengin olduğu illerle komşu olması Malatya'da bu geleneğin güçlü bir şekilde görülmesine vesile olmuştur. XIX. Yüzyılda Malatya'nın Battalgazi, Arapgir, Darende, Arguvan ve Hekimhan ilçelerimizde aşık edebiyatının çok önemli temsilcileri yetişmiştir. Hekimhan'da Sadık Baba, Battalgazi'de Abdullah Fahri Baba-Borani; Arapgir'de Rengi, İdraki, Remzi Darende'de Kusuri, Mecruhi , Fethi Baba, Remzi, Cevri, Penahi, Feryadi; Doğanşehir'de Mücrimi; Arguvan'da Derviş Muhammed, Âşıki, Şah Sultan ilk akla gelen isimlerdir. Âşık Edebiyatı içerisinde Alevi-Bektaşi inancının önemli bir yeri vardır. Alevi- Bektaşi inancına ait düşünceler, bu anlayışın adap ve erkanı şiir ve deyişlerde geniş bir şekilde işlenir. Bu anlayışa sahip aşıklar Anadolu'nun çeşitli yörelerinde bu düşüncenin zengin örneklerini dile getirmişlerdir. XVIII. yüzyılın sonları XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Alevi- Bektaşi edebiyatının önemli temsilcilerinden biri de Âşıki'dir. Bir Alevi- Bektaşi şairi olan Âşıki üzerinde ilk defa R. Ahmet Sevengil'in "Yüzyıllar Boyunca Halk Şairleri" adlı eserinde yer verilmiştir. Âşıki konusundaki diğer çalışma Mustafa Bal tarafından yapılmıştır. Malatya'nın Arguvan İlçesine bağlı Karahöyük köyünden Mehmet oğlu Mustafa Bal (H:1329 doğumlu), küçük yaştan başlamak üzere Derviş Muhammed'in, Âşiki'nin ve Şah Sultan'ın nefeslerini, farklı kişilerden el yazısı, eski yazı, mecmua olarak toplamıştır. Mustafa Bal; İsa Köyünden Bekir Efendi'nin mecmuası, Halpuz köyünden Ahmet Efendi'nin mecmuası, Kuşu köyünden Geldiğ'in mecmuası, Divriği´den Hasan Hüseyin Asil ve Yusuf Hocanın mecmuasından bu şiirleri elde etmiştir. Mustafa Bal, Derviş Muhammed, Şah Sultan ve Âşıki'nin şiirlerini derlemiş; bu şiirler Merdivenköyü Şahkulu Derneği tarafından "Derviş Muhammedim Nuru Vahit Eseri Dillerde Şahit" İstanbul -1989 adlı kitapta yer almıştır. Ayrıca İbrahim Aslanoğlu, Kutlu Özen, Rasim Deniz gibi araştırmacılar Âşıki hakkında derlemeler ve makaleler yayımlamışlardır. Fakat Âşıki'nin şahsiyeti ve şiirleri hakkında kapsayıcı bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Âşıki hakkındaki incelemelerin ve bilgilerin sınırlı kalmasının bizde uyandırdığı merak bu araştırmanın dayanak noktasını oluşturmuştur. Bu araştırmadaki amacımız; Âşıki'yi yaşadığı çevre ve bulunduğu gelenek içinde tanımak ve tanıtmak, Alevi-Bektaşi edebiyatı içerisinde yer edineceğini düşündüğümüz şiirlerinin unutulup gitmesini engelleyerek halk şiirine ve kültürüne katkıda bulunmaktır. Âşıki'nin yaşamı ve şiirleriyle ilgili parça parça bilgiler mevcuttur. Ancak bununla ilgili bütünleştirici bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Yapmış olduğumuz bu çalışmada Alevi-Bektaşi geleneği içerisinde yetişmiş olan ve Derviş Muhammed'e intisap eden Âşıki'nin hayatı, şahsiyeti ve eserleriyle ilgili bilgiler ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmamız beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Âşıki'nin dahil olduğu edebi dönem ve bu dönem içerisindeki aşıklık geleneği ve Alevi Bektaşi edebiyatı ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca aşık kolları çıkış noktaları ve etkileşimleri belirtilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, gelenek ve etkileşim çerçevesinde, Derviş Muhammed ile Âşıki arasındaki usta-çırak ilişkisi yansıtılmıştır. Âşıki'nin yaşamı ve yaşadığı coğrafya ele alınmıştır. Âşıki'nin başka şairlerle karıştırılan şiirleri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Âşıki'nin şiirlerinde iç yapı çerçevesinde Âşıki'nin şiirlerinde işlediği konular örneklerle yansıtılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde "Âşıki'nin Şiirlerinde Eğitim Unsurları ve Dil Kullanımları" , şairin, dile hakimiyeti tahlil edilmiştir. Beşinci ve son bölümde ise şiirlerin metni bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Âşıki'nin şiir dünyasının, gerek dönemi, gerek işlediği konular, gerekse eğitimsel yönü bakımından zengin olduğu kanısına varılmıştır. Araştırma süresince deneyimlerini benimle paylaşan ve bana rehberlik eden değerli danışman hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet YARDIMCI'ya ve desteğini benden esirgemeyen eşime teşekkür ederim. The Minstrel Literature is a branch of folk literature having strong effects in Anatolia. In the course of history, the Minstrel Literature has been able to exist while being developed and enriched. Malatya is one of the cities in which the minstrel tradition is retained. Being neighbor to the cities having a rich minstrel tradition such as Sivas and Erzincan aroused Malatya in having the tradition such a strong way. In the 19th century, in the Battalgazi, Arapgir, Darende, Arguvan and Hekimhan districts of Malatya, some important representatives of minstrel literature were taught. There were Sadık Baba in Hekimgan, Abdullah Fahri Baba-Borani in Battalgazi, Rengi, Idraki, Remzi in Arapgir, Kusuri, Mecruhi, Fethi Baba, Remzi, Cevri, Penahi, Feryadi in Darende, Mucrimi who was born in Dogansehir and deceased in Gaziantep, Dervish Muhammed, Asiki, Sah Sultan in Arguvan. Alewi-Bektashi belief has an important place in the minstrel literature. The views of Alewi-Bektashi belief and its traditions are commonly found in the poetry and expressions. The minstrels having this belief produced some glorious examples of these views in various parts of the Anatolia. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, one of the well-known representatives of Alewi-Bektashi literature is Asiki. Being an Alewi-Bektashi poet, Asiki was firstly mentioned in R. Ahmet Sevengil's "Folk Poets Throughout History". Another work about Asiki was written by Mustafa Bal. Mustafa Bal (born in 1329 according to hicra calendar), being the son of Mehmet from the Karahoyuk village in the Arguvan district, compiled the works of Dervish Muhammed, Asiki and Sah Sultan, starting from his childhood. He obtained these poems from Bekir Efendi's magazine in the Isa village, Ahmet Efendi's magazine in the Halpuz village, Geldig's magazine in the Kusu village, Hasan Huseyin Asil's and Yusuf Hoca's magazines in the Divrigi village. Mustafa Bal compiled the poems of Dervish Muhammed, Sah Sultan and Asiki and these were published by Merdivenkoyu Sahkulu Foundation in a book in Istanbul in 1989. Additionally, researchers such as Ibrahim Aslanoglu, Kutlu Ozen, Rasim Deniz published compilations and articles about Asiki. However, there has been no studies incorporating Asiki's character and poems. The curiosity why the studies about Asiki have been limited to date is the starting point of this thesis. The aim of this study is to get to know and introduce Asiki in the place he lived in and the tradition he belonged to, and to contribute to folk poetry culture by preventing his poems which we thought have a place in Alewi-Bektashi Literature from being forgotten. There exist some incomplete pieces of information about Asiki. But there has been no comprehensive study about him. The study is consisted of five sections In the first section, the literature period that Asiki belongs to and the minstrel tradition and Alewi-Bektashi literature in this period will be discussed. Moreover, the starting points of minstrel movements and their interactions will be described.In the second section, in terms of tradition and interaction, the mentor-protege relationship between Dervish Muhammed and Asiki will be presented. In the third section, in terms of the internal structure in his poems, the topics which Asiki used will be presented with examples. In the forth section, the educational subjects in Asiki's poems and language use will be examined. Finally, in the fifth section, the texts of the poems will be given. The results of the study revealed that Asiki's poetry is rich in terms of the period, his topics and educational aspect. I thank my thesis supervisor Assist. Prof. Mehmet YARDIMCI for sharing his experience with me and guiding me throughout this process, and I thank my wife for her valuable support

The identification of anaerobic bacteria isolated from various clinical materials and determination of antibiotic susceptibility

Bu çalışma anaerobik infeksiyondan şüphelenilen hastaların çeşitli kliniklerden alınan materyallerinden izole edilen anaerop bakterilerin tanımlanması ve bazı antibiyotiklerin duyarlılık oranlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.Gereç ve yöntem: 2007 yılında Selçuk Üniversitesi Meram Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi, Merkez Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarında, 100 klinik örnek anaerop bakteri izolasyonu için incelendi. Örnekler, %5 defibrine koyun kanı ilave edilmiş Scheadler agar, Wilkins Chalgren agar ve kıymalı buyona ekildi. Kan örnekleri Bactec Plus Anaerobic F şişelerine inoküle edildi ve firmanin otomatize sisteminde inkübe edildi.İzole edilen anaerobik bakteriler, konvansiyonel yöntemler, API 20 A paneli ve An-Ident Discs testleri kullanılarak identifiye edildi. Penicillin G, klindamisin, sefoksitin, metronidazol, piperasilin/tazobaktam ve imipenem duyarlılıkları her bir izolat için E test metodu ile belirlendi.Bulgular: 14 klinik örnekten 22 anaerop bakteri izole edilmiştir, 10 izolat Bacteroides grubundan, 7 izolat Peptostreptococcus grubundan ve beş izolat da diğer gruplardan idi. En yüksek direnç oranı penisiline karşı (%41) bulunurken, klindamisin, sefoksitin, metronidazol, piperasilin/tazobaktam ve imipenem duyarlılık oranları ise sırası ile %82, %95, %91, %100 ve %100 olarak bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Çalışmamızda yüksek oranda penisilin direnci görüldüğünden empirik tedavide penisilin tercih edilmemelidir. Metronidazol ve sefoksitin empirik tedavide tercih edilebilir, ama antibiyotik duyarlılık deneylerinin yapılması daha faydalı olacaktır. İmipenem ve piperasilin/ tazobaktama direnç gözlemlenmemiştir, bu yüzden, bu antibiyotiklerin dirençli suşlar için saklanmasında fayda vardır.THE IDENTIFICATION OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS CLINICAL MATERIALS AND DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITYObjective: This study was carried out to identify anaerobic bacteria isolated from various clinical materials suspected patients with anaerobic infection, and to determine antibiotic susceptibility rates against to some antibiotics.Material and method: One hundred specimens were examined for isolation anaerobic bacteria in Central Microbiology Laboratory of Meram Medical Faculty Selcuk University in 2007. The specimens were inoculated to Scheadler agar and Wilkins Chalgren agar added 5 % defibrinated sheep blood and cooked meat buyyon, incubated at 37 oC in anaerobic jar. The blood specimens were inoculated to Bactec Plus Anaerobic F and incubated at this automatized sistem.Isolated anaerobic bacteria were identified with API 20 A panels, conventional methods and An-Ident Discs also used for identification of anaerobic bacteria. Penicillin G, clindamycin, cefoxitin, metronidazole, piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem susceptibility tests were performed with E test method for isolated each anaerobic bacteria.Results: Twenty two anaerobic bacteria isolated from 14 clinical specimens, 10 isolates were Bacteroides group, seven isolates were Peptostreptococcus group and five isolates were other groups. The highest rate of resistance was detected against to penicillin G (41 %) and the susceptibility rates for clindamycin, cefoxitin, metronidazole, piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem were 82%, 95%, 91%, 100% and 100% respectively.Conclusion: In our study, because of penicilline resistance rate was high, penicilline should not be preferred at empirical treatment. Metronidazole and cefoxitin may be preferred, but making antibiotic susceptibility test will be more useful. Resistance to imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam was not detected. For this reason, storage of these antibiotics for resistant bacteria is beneficial