AVALIAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS DE DESCONTAMINAÇÃO PARA OBTENÇÃO DE CULTURAS PURAS DE LEPTOSPIRAS A PARTIR DE AMOSTRAS MISTAS COM Spirillum spp.

It is challenging to obtain pure cultures of Leptospira from environmental samples, mainly due to the presence of accompanying microbiota that can contaminate cultures, highlighting bacteria of the genus Spirillum that have characteristics similar to leptospires. Thus, cannot be eliminated by the most common decontamination techniques during leptospires isolation process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate five decontamination methods to obtain pure cultures of Leptospira from mixed samples with Spirillum spp. We collected ten samples from untreated domestic sewage dumped of to streets in Macapá city – Brazilian Amazon, and submitted to bacteriological culture for Leptospira isolation. The presence of leptospires was confirmed by visualization under dark-field microscopy and by 16S PCR. In the samples in which Spirillum was observed, five methods of decontamination were tested: 1 – Membrane filtration (0.20 μm and 0.22 μm); 2- Culture in selective medium for Leptospira spp.; 3- Centrifugation; 4- Serial dilution and 5- Plating on solid EMJH medium. Out of all 10 samples, five were positive for leptospires and in three there was the simultaneous detection of leptospires and Spirillum. Plating on solid EMJH medium (5) was the most efficient method, decontaminating all three mixed cultures. Only one culture was decontaminated by the technique of culture in selective medium for Leptospira spp. (2), and the other methods were ineffective. In conclusion, plating on solid EMJH medium method can be used to obtain pure cultures of Leptospira spp. from environmental samples containing Spirillum spp.Keywords: Leptospira; decontamination; mixed cultures; Spirillum.É um desafio obter culturas puras de Leptospira a partir de amostras ambientais, principalmente devido à presença de microbiota acompanhante que pode contaminar culturas, destacando bactérias do gênero Spirillum que possuem características semelhantes às leptospiras. Assim, não pode ser eliminado pelas técnicas mais comuns de descontaminação durante o processo de isolamento das leptospiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar cinco métodos de descontaminação para obter culturas puras de Leptospira a partir de amostras mistas com Spirillum spp. Foram coletadas dez amostras de esgoto doméstico não tratado descartado nas ruas da cidade de Macapá - Amazônia Brasileira, e submetidas à cultura bacteriológica para isolamento de Leptospira. A presença de leptospiras foi confirmada por visualização em microscopia de campo escuro e por 16S PCR. Nas amostras em que Spirillum foi observado, foram testados cinco métodos de descontaminação: 1 - Filtragem por membrana (0,20 μm e 0,22 μm); 2- Cultura em meio seletivo para Leptospira spp.; 3- Centrifugação; 4- Diluição em série e 5- Plaqueamento em meio sólido EMJH. Das 10 amostras, cinco foram positivas para leptospiras e em três houve a detecção simultânea de leptospiras e Spirillum. Plaqueamento em meio sólido EMJH (5) foi o método mais eficiente, descontaminando as três culturas mistas. Apenas uma cultura foi descontaminada pela técnica de cultura em meio seletivo para Leptospira spp. (2), e os outros métodos foram ineficazes. Em conclusão, o método de plaqueamento em meio sólido EMJH pode ser usado para obter culturas puras de Leptospira spp. de amostras ambientais contendo Spirillum spp.Palavras-chave: Leptospira, descontaminação, culturas mistas, Spirillum

Three-Year Clinical Follow-Up of Children Intrauterine Exposed to Zika Virus

Congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) infection may present with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Some sequelae, particularly neurodevelopmental problems, may have a later onset. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 799 high-risk pregnant women who were followed up until delivery. Eighty-three women and/or newborns were considered ZIKV exposed and/or infected. Laboratory diagnosis was made by polymerase chain reaction in the pregnant mothers and their respective newborns, as well as Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, and ZIKV serology. Serology for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and syphilis infections were also performed in microcephalic newborns. The newborns included in the study were followed up until their third birthday. Developmental delay was observed in nine patients (13.2%): mild cognitive delay in three patients, speech delay in three patients, autism spectrum disorder in two patients, and severe neurological abnormalities in one microcephalic patient; sensorineural hearing loss, three patients and dysphagia, six patients. Microcephaly due to ZIKV occurred in three patients (3.6%). Clinical manifestations can appear after the first year of life in children infected/exposed to ZIKV, emphasizing the need for long-term follow-up

Growth of Fungal Cells and the Production of Mycotoxins

Some filamentous fungi are able to grow in food and produce toxic metabolites. It occurs mainly in grains, cereals, oilseeds and some by-products. The growth of fungi in a particular food is governed largely by a series of physical and chemical parameters. The production of toxic metabolites is not confined to a single group of molds irrespective of whether they are grouped according to structure, ecology, or phylogenetic relationships. Mycotoxins can be carcinogenic and cause several harmful effects to both human and animal organisms, in addition to generating large economic losses. The major mycotoxins found in food are the aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, zearalenone, and trichothecenes, generally stable at high temperatures and long storage periods. Considering the difficult prevention and control, international organizations for food safety establish safe levels of these toxins in food destined for both human and animal consumption. Good agricultural practices and control of temperature and moisture during storage are factors which contribute significantly to inhibit the production of mycotoxins. The use of some fungistatic products, such as essential oils and antioxidants, as well as physical, mechanical, chemical, or thermal processing, represents important methods to have the concentration of mycotoxins reduced in food

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Educomunicação, Transformação Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Esta publicação apresenta os principais trabalhos dos GTs do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação nos temas Transformação social, com os artigos que abordam principalmente Educomunicação e/ou Mídia-Educação, no contexto de políticas de diversidade, inclusão e equidade; e, em Desenvolvimento Sustentável os artigos que abordam os avanços da relação comunicação/educação no contexto da educação ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável

Educomunicação e suas áreas de intervenção: Novos paradigmas para o diálogo intercultural

oai:omp.abpeducom.org.br:publicationFormat/1O material aqui divulgado representa, em essência, a contribuição do VII Encontro Brasileiro de Educomunicação ao V Global MIL Week, da UNESCO, ocorrido na ECA/USP, entre 3 e 5 de novembro de 2016. Estamos diante de um conjunto de 104 papers executivos, com uma média de entre 7 e 10 páginas, cada um. Com este rico e abundante material, chegamos ao sétimo e-book publicado pela ABPEducom, em seus seis primeiros anos de existência. A especificidade desta obra é a de trazer as “Áreas de Intervenção” do campo da Educomunicação, colocando-as a serviço de uma meta essencial ao agir educomunicativo: o diálogo intercultural, trabalhado na linha do tema geral do evento internacional: Media and Information Literacy: New Paradigms for Intercultural Dialogue

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic