Timelines of the "free-particle" and "fixed-particle" models of stone-formation: theoretical and experimental investigations

Two major theories on renal stone formation will be reviewed, the “free-particle” and “fixed-particle” mechanisms. These theories combine data on intrinsic factors (inborn metabolic errors), extrinsic factors (diet), renal cell responses and the physico-chemistry and biochemistry of urine into mechanisms of stone formation. This paper describes the specific role of time in both mechanisms. The timeline of crystal- and stone formation was deducted from literature data and was measured for two stones using radioisotope decay analysis. The stones of similar size and composition showed, respectively, a timeline of a few years and a development that took decades. In combination with data on stone architecture and patient characteristics these timelines are explained using the free-particle and fixed-particle mechanisms. Consideration of the timeline of stone formation has clinical implications. We conclude that the fixed-particle mechanism can be a slow process where decades pass between the first formation of a precipitate in the renal interstitium and the clinical presentation of the stone. Added to the fact that the mechanism of this initial precipitation is still ill defined, the conditions that started fixed-particle stone formation in an individual patient can be obscure. Blood and urine analysis in such patients does not necessarily reveal the individual’s risk for recurrence as lifestyle may have changed over time. This is in fact what defines the so-called idiopathic stoneformers. For these patients, prevention of outgrowth of previously formed precipitates, papillary plaques, may be more relevant than prevention of new plaque formation. In contrast, a patient who has formed a stone in a relatively short time through the free-particle mechanism is more likely to show abnormal values in blood and urine that explain the starting event of stone formation. In these patients, measurement of such values provides useful information to guide preventive measures. © 2016, The Author(s)

Abordagens teóricas e metodológicas para controle introdução ao sistema de gestão da organização industrial

Currently, the provision of mainly intensive economic growth in industries is of strategic importance for Russian economy, the solution of which is impossible without the increase of management process efficiency using modern tools, with a unique character including controlling systems. The aim of the study was to systematize theoretical approaches to controlling for their further application in practice. A set of scientific methods was used during the study: analysis and synthesis, system approach, comparison, abstraction, historical method, induction and deduction, generalization and formalization. The authors carried out the periodization of controlling development overseas with the identification of its evolution main stages; they systematized the basic approaches to determine the essence of controlling, which allowed to formulate the contents of its three basic concepts in accordance with evolutionary development. The reasons of various conceptual approaches existence in Russia are the incidents of the term translation, the study of controlling by the experts from different branches of knowledge, and an insufficient filling of training programs with controlling disciplines. The study of controlling essence made it possible to identify the totality of the tasks and the functions performed before it in interrelation and interdependence. The separation of industrial enterprise functioning features that affect the organization of management processes made it possible to conclude that it is necessary to use controlling at all stages of the operational and investment cycles, to integrate it into the management and accounting system, with the definition of a sufficient number of subjects and objects. The work has systematized the existing approaches to the classification of controlling and the author's classification, was proposed taking into account the characteristics of industrial enterprises, as well as the controlling system model that emphasizes the need to take into account external and internal factors, the introduction of controlling in the company management system. It is recommended to use theoretical and methodical research results to train experts in the field of economics and management, as well as in real practice of industrial enterprises.En la actualidad, la provisión de crecimiento económico principalmente intensivo en industrias es de importancia estratégica para la economía rusa, cuya solución es imposible sin el aumento en la eficiencia del proceso de gestión utilizando herramientas modernas, con un carácter único que incluye sistemas de control. El objetivo del estudio fue sistematizar los enfoques teóricos para controlar su posterior aplicación en la práctica. Durante el estudio se utilizó un conjunto de métodos científicos durante el estudio: análisis y síntesis, enfoque sistémico, comparación, abstracción, método histórico, inducción y deducción, generalización y formalización. Los autores llevaron a cabo la periodización del control del desarrollo en el exterior con la identificación de sus etapas principales de evolución; sistematizaron los enfoques básicos para determinar la esencia del control, lo que permitió formular los contenidos de sus tres conceptos básicos de acuerdo con el desarrollo evolutivo. Las razones de la existencia de diversos enfoques conceptuales en Rusia son los incidentes del término traducción, el estudio del control por parte de los expertos de diferentes ramas del conocimiento, y un llenado insuficiente de programas de capacitación con disciplinas controladoras. El estudio de la esencia controladora permitió identificar la totalidad de las tareas y las funciones desempeñadas antes en interrelación e interdependencia. La separación de las características de funcionamiento de la empresa industrial que afectan la organización de los procesos de gestión permitió concluir que es necesario utilizar el control en todas las etapas de los ciclos operacionales y de inversión, para integrarlo en el sistema de gestión y contabilización, con la definición de un número suficiente de sujetos y objetos. El trabajo ha sistematizado los enfoques existentes para la clasificación del control y la clasificación del autor, se propuso teniendo en cuenta las características de las empresas industriales, así como el modelo de sistema de control que enfatiza la necesidad de tener en cuenta factores externos e internos, la introducción del control en el sistema de gestión de la empresa. Se recomienda utilizar los resultados de investigaciones teóricas y metódicas para capacitar a expertos en el campo de la economía y la gestión, así como en la práctica real de las empresas de la industria.Atualmente, a oferta de crescimento econômico, principalmente intensivo em indústrias, é de importância estratégica para a economia russa, cuja solução é impossível sem aumentar a eficiência do processo de gestão utilizando ferramentas modernas, com um caráter único que inclui sistemas de controle. O objetivo do estudo foi sistematizar as abordagens teóricas para controlar sua posterior aplicação na prática. Um conjunto de métodos científicos foi utilizado durante o estudo: análise e síntese, abordagem sistêmica, comparação, abstração, método histórico, indução e dedução, generalização e formalização. Os autores realizaram a periodização do controle do desenvolvimento no exterior com a identificação de seus principais estágios de evolução; Eles sistematizaram as abordagens básicas para determinar a essência do controle, o que permitiu formular o conteúdo de seus três conceitos básicos de acordo com o desenvolvimento evolucionário. As razões para a existência de várias abordagens conceituais na Rússia são os incidentes do termo tradução, o estudo do controle por especialistas de diferentes ramos do conhecimento e um preenchimento insuficiente de programas de treinamento com disciplinas controladoras. O estudo da essência controladora permitiu identificar a totalidade das tarefas e as funções desempenhadas anteriormente em interrelação e interdependência. A separação das características operacionais da empresa industrial que afetam a organização dos processos de gestão permitiu concluir que é necessário utilizar o controle em todas as etapas dos ciclos operacionais e de investimento, para integrá-lo ao sistema de gestão e contabilidade, com a definição de um número suficiente de sujeitos e objetos. Trabalho sistematizou abordagens existentes para o monitoramento de classificação e classificação do autor, foi proposto tendo em conta as características das empresas industriais, bem como o sistema de controle modelo que enfatiza a necessidade de ter em conta externa e fatores internos , a introdução do controle no sistema de gestão da empresa. Recomenda-se utilizar os resultados de investigações teóricas e metodológicas para formar especialistas no campo da economia e gestão, bem como na prática real das empresas industriais

Choosing the right stripper gas from AMS and other applications with tandem accelerators at low and medium terminal voltage

Recent experimentation with stripper gases used for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) has seen a divergence in the practices adopted at laboratories performing AMS of high mass species (such as actinides) at low and medium terminal voltages. At low voltages (<1 MV), the Ion Beam Group at ETH Zurich has demonstrated the advantages of using helium as the stripper gas, for both radiocarbon AMS [1] and for actinides AMS [2]. Meanwhile, at ANSTO we have investigated several gases at 4 MV [3, 4] and find that a multi–atom molecular gas such as sulphur hexafluoride provides the best yield for actinides AMS. In both cases, data published 40 years ago provided clues as to the optimum gas in each situation

New radiocarbon measurements from Tasmanian Huon pine: closing the current gap in tree-ring based calibration data for the early Younger Dryas.

The European absolute tree-ring chronologies have recently extended back to 12,594 cal BP [1], covering most of the Younger Dryas (YD). Radiocarbon data from these chronologies spanning the past 12,400 cal BP have been used to construct the younger part of the current internationally ratified calibration curve IntCal04 [2]. For the Late Glacial, radiocarbon data from a floating 1382-ring pine chronology are also available [3]. Here we present new high-precision, high-resolution radiocarbon measurements for the early YD chronozone derived from 4 sub-fossil logs of Huon pine with clearly defined annual tree rings. These logs were excavated from alluvial sediments along Stanley River in north-western Tasmania, Australia. A total of 137 samples, mostly decadal, were pretreated to alpha-cellulose, then converted to graphite and measured by AMS using the ANTARES facility at ANSTO [4], with a typical precision of 0.3-0.4%. A floating 617-ring Huon pine chronology has been constructed based on ring width and radiocarbon measurements. Our high-precision decadal 14C record, covering an age range from 10,350 to 10,760 14C years BP, has been linked to the European absolute tree-ring and floating Late Glacial Pine chronologies, bridging the current gap in the European tree-ring chronologies during the early YD and making a continuous and reliable atmospheric 14C record for the past 14,000 cal BP. Variations in atmospheric 14C during the YD recorded in tree rings and the possible mechanisms are also discussed.CEDAD; CIRCE; LABEC; ICT

The dependence of dijet production on photon virtuality in ep collisions at HERA

The dependence of dijet production on the virtuality of the exchanged photon, Q^2, has been studied by measuring dijet cross sections in the range 0 < Q^2 < 2000 GeV^2 with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 38.6 pb^-1. Dijet cross sections were measured for jets with transverse energy E_T^jet > 7.5 and 6.5 GeV and pseudorapidities in the photon-proton centre-of-mass frame in the range -3 < eta^jet <0. The variable xg^obs, a measure of the photon momentum entering the hard process, was used to enhance the sensitivity of the measurement to the photon structure. The Q^2 dependence of the ratio of low- to high-xg^obs events was measured. Next-to-leading-order QCD predictions were found to generally underestimate the low-xg^obs contribution relative to that at high xg^obs. Monte Carlo models based on leading-logarithmic parton-showers, using a partonic structure for the photon which falls smoothly with increasing Q^2, provide a qualitative description of the data.Comment: 35 pages, 6 eps figures, submitted to Eur.Phys.J.

Beauty photoproduction measured using decays into muons in dijet events in ep collisions at s\sqrt{s}=318 GeV

The photoproduction of beauty quarks in events with two jets and a muon has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 110 pb$^{- 1}$. The fraction of jets containing b quarks was extracted from the transverse momentum distribution of the muon relative to the closest jet. Differential cross sections for beauty production as a function of the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity of the muon, of the associated jet and of $x_{\gamma}^{jets}$, the fraction of the photon's momentum participating in the hard process, are compared with MC models and QCD predictions made at next-to-leading order. The latter give a good description of the data.Comment: 32 pages, 6 tables, 7 figures Table 6 and Figure 7 revised September 200

Search for a narrow charmed baryonic state decaying to D^*+/- p^-/+ in ep collisions at HERA

A resonance search has been made in the D^*+/- p^-/+ invariant-mass spectrum with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 126 pb^-1. The decay channels D^*+ -> D^0 pi^+_s -> (K^- pi^+) pi^+_s and D^*+ -> D^0 pi^+_s -> (K^- pi^+ pi^+ pi^-) pi^+_s (and the corresponding antiparticle decays) were used to identify D^*+/- mesons. No resonance structure was observed in the D^*+/- p^-/+ mass spectrum from more than 60000 reconstructed D^*+/- mesons. The results are not compatible with a report of the H1 Collaboration of a charmed pentaquark, Theta^0_c.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, 1 table; minor text revisions; 2 references adde

Search for direct pair production of the top squark in all-hadronic final states in proton-proton collisions at s√=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The results of a search for direct pair production of the scalar partner to the top quark using an integrated luminosity of 20.1fb−1 of proton–proton collision data at √s = 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC are reported. The top squark is assumed to decay via t˜→tχ˜01 or t˜→ bχ˜±1 →bW(∗)χ˜01 , where χ˜01 (χ˜±1 ) denotes the lightest neutralino (chargino) in supersymmetric models. The search targets a fully-hadronic final state in events with four or more jets and large missing transverse momentum. No significant excess over the Standard Model background prediction is observed, and exclusion limits are reported in terms of the top squark and neutralino masses and as a function of the branching fraction of t˜ → tχ˜01 . For a branching fraction of 100%, top squark masses in the range 270–645 GeV are excluded for χ˜01 masses below 30 GeV. For a branching fraction of 50% to either t˜ → tχ˜01 or t˜ → bχ˜±1 , and assuming the χ˜±1 mass to be twice the χ˜01 mass, top squark masses in the range 250–550 GeV are excluded for χ˜01 masses below 60 GeV

Search for pair-produced long-lived neutral particles decaying to jets in the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter in ppcollisions at √s=8TeV

The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is used to search for the decay of a scalar boson to a pair of long-lived particles, neutral under the Standard Model gauge group, in 20.3fb−1of data collected in proton–proton collisions at √s=8TeV. This search is sensitive to long-lived particles that decay to Standard Model particles producing jets at the outer edge of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter or inside the hadronic calorimeter. No significant excess of events is observed. Limits are reported on the product of the scalar boson production cross section times branching ratio into long-lived neutral particles as a function of the proper lifetime of the particles. Limits are reported for boson masses from 100 GeVto 900 GeV, and a long-lived neutral particle mass from 10 GeVto 150 GeV

Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of √ s = 8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT > 120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between Emiss T > 150 GeV and Emiss T > 700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presente