Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Oil Extraction Using Different Solvents

U ovom je radu okarakterizirano ulje lanenih sjemenki dobiveno različitim postupcima ekstrakcije (pomoću heksana, subkritičnog propana i stlačenog etanola), a dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni su s vrijednostima komercijalnog hladno prešanog lanenog ulja. Eksperimentalni dizajn upotrijebljen je za procjenu utjecaja temperature i pritiska na ekstrakciju ulja pomoću propana i etanola. Esencijalne masne kiseline ispitane su pomoću plinske kromatografije. Nisu utvrđene bitne razlike između udjela ω-3, 6 i 9 masnih kiselina u lanenom ulju dobivenom različitim postupcima ekstrakcije, samo je kiselost lanenog ulja dobivenog pomoću subkritičnog propana (0,956 %) bila bitno različita. Ekstrakcijom pomoću organskog otapala (Soxhlet) dobiven je prinos od 36,12 %. Ekstrakcijom pomoću subkritičnog propana pri 107 Pa i 40 °C tijekom 1,5 h dobiven je bolji prinos (28,39 %) nego pomoću stlačenog etanola (8,05 %) pri sličnim uvjetima. Esktrakcija ulja lanenih sjemenki pomoću subkritičnog propana je ekonomski isplativa, s troškovima proizvodnje od 124,58 US/L. Rezultati potvrđuju da se ekstrakcijom pomoću subkritičnog propana može proizvesti laneno ulje pri umjerenoj temperaturi i tlaku, bez gubitka kakvoće i smanjenja udjela ω-3, 6 i 9 masnih kiselina.This work aims at characterizing linseed oil obtained using different extraction methods (hexane, subcritical propane and pressurized ethanol), and comparing the results with commercial linseed oil extracted by cold mechanical press method. An experimental design helped to evaluate temperature and pressure effects on the oil extraction using propane and ethanol. Gas chromatography assisted in evaluating the essential fatty acids. There were no significant differences among the ω-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids from linseed oil obtained using the different extraction methods. Only the acidity of linseed oil extracted by subcritical propane (0.956 %) showed significant differences among the physicochemical parameters. Extraction using organic solvent (Soxhlet) gave a 36.12 % yield. Extraction using subcritical propane at 107 Pa and 40 °C for 1.5 h gave a better yield (28.39 %) than pressurized ethanol (8.05 %) under similar conditions. Linseed oil extraction using subcritical propane was economically viable, resulting in a 124.58 US$/L product cost. The results present subcritical propane extraction as a promising alternative for obtaining linseed oil at mild temperature and pressure conditions, without losing quality and quantity of fatty acids such as ω-3, 6 and 9

To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?

Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

The Use of Identity-Related Frames in Electoral Pledges and its Effects on Euroscepticism

National identification strength is a key Euroscepticism driver. We examined how politicians’ framing of immigration policies increases the salience of different national identity representations (NIR) and its impact on support for the European Union (EU) in a two-waves between-subject survey-experiment using a French (n=569) and German (n=532) sample. As predicted, exposure to assimilation frames (directly in France or via frame perception in both countries) increased the salience of ethnocultural NIR salience. Additionally, as hypothesised, higher ethnocultural NIR salience following exposure to assimilation frames was related to higher Euroscepticism. However, feeling emotionally attached to the EU reduced this negative impact of ethnocultural NIR on EU attitudes. We discuss the role of ethnocultural nationalism in Euroscepticism and the importance of fostering stronger emotional ties to the EU

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Oil Extraction Using Different Solvents

This work aims at characterizing linseed oil obtained using different extraction methods (hexane, subcritical propane and pressurized ethanol), and comparing the results with commercial linseed oil extracted by cold mechanical press method. An experimental design helped to evaluate temperature and pressure effects on the oil extraction using propane and ethanol. Gas chromatography assisted in evaluating the essential fatty acids. There were no significant differences among the ω-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids from linseed oil obtained using the different extraction methods. Only the acidity of linseed oil extracted by subcritical propane (0.956 %) showed significant differences among the physicochemical parameters. Extraction using organic solvent (Soxhlet) gave a 36.12 % yield. Extraction using subcritical propane at 107 Pa and 40 °C for 1.5 h gave a better yield (28.39 %) than pressurized ethanol (8.05 %) under similar conditions. Linseed oil extraction using subcritical propane was economically viable, resulting in a 124.58 US$/L product cost. The results present subcritical propane extraction as a promising alternative for obtaining linseed oil at mild temperature and pressure conditions, without losing quality and quantity of fatty acids such as ω-3, 6 and 9

Water absorption process capability analysis by chicken carcasses during precooling

Abstract Cooling of carcasses using water immersion is the most used process in the poultry industry. In this stage, besides the reduction of temperature, water absorption in the carcasses occurs and, consequently, in the chicken cuts, which are monitored by the companies and supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply of Brazil, which establishes water absorption limits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the process capacity analysis tool to analyze the water absorption capacity by chicken carcasses during precooling, based on the absorption indexes obtained on an industrial scale, by the analysis of 720 carcasses. After structural alterations, aiming at greater bubble control and shorter residence time of the chicken carcasses in the cooling system, Cp (process potential index) and Cpk (process performance index) were close to each other (0.82 and 0.81, respectively), indicating that the process is practically centralized and, although it has become smaller than 1, presented a significant improvement over the initial evaluation (cp 0.35 and cpk 0.26)

Magneto-structural characterization of different kinds of magnetic nanoparticles

Using well-established measurement techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS), susceptometry, and magnetorelaxometry, the distribution of the physical and magnetic size (magnetic moments) and magnetic anisotropy of a variety of structurally different magnetic nanoparticle samples (MNPs) is analyzed and compared. A term which accounts for the presence of weak magnetic areas (WMAs) within the MNPs was introduced to the widespread analysis model for M(H) data, enabling a consistent interpretation of the data in most of the systems. A comparison of the size distributions as obtained for the physical and the magnetic diameter suggests a multidomain structure for three single core systems under investigation, in all probability evoked by the presence of a wustite phase, as identified by WAXS. Analyzing the relationship d < dm < dc between the average single core diameter d, the effective magnetic (domain) size dm and the cluster diameter dc quantitatively, two qualitatively different magnetic structures in multicore MNP (MCMNP) systems were identified: (i) The magnetic moments of single cores within the MCMNP of fluidMAG tend to build flux closure structures, driven by dipole–dipole interaction. (ii) The magnetic behavior of Resovist\uae was attributed to the presence of domain sizes of about 12 nm within MCMNP, exceeding the single core diameters of 5 nm. Thereby, WAXS revealed a bimodal crystallite size distribution suggesting a crystallite merging process within the MCMNP. The value of the effective magnetic moment of these MCMNP could be explained within the presented “random moment cluster model” (RMCM). We conclude that the combination of physical and magnetic structure parameters obtained from complementary measurement methods allows a reliable assessment of the magnetic structure of single and multicore MNPs

LHC fixed target experiments: Report from the LHC Fixed Target Working Group of the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders Forum

Several fixed-target experiments at the LHC are being proposed and actively studied. Splitting of beam halo from the core by means of a bent crystal combined with a second bent crystal after the target has been suggested in order to study magnetic and electric dipole moments of short-lived particles. A similar scheme without the second crystal or other schemes with more conventional solid or gas target have been proposed to study the hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma, as well as to provide inputs to cosmic ray physics. Most notably, an upgrade of the existing and already productive LHCb gas target (SMOG), which would make use of a storage cell, has been proposed, designed, and extensively reviewed. The implementation in LHCb of a polarised gas target, based on the storage cell technique, was also discussed, motivated by the nucleon-spin study. The status of these proposals, their technical feasibility and impacts on the LHC machine have been studied in the LHC fixed-target working group of the Physics Beyond Collider forum at CERN. The status and outcome of these studies are presented here