Apoio às crianças vítimas da política criminal legislativa do Irã

In today's society, children have a special place and it is no longer the case that the child is considered a family property rather, the child is an individual with his or her own personality and social status and the rights that society has for him / her. But what matters is whether the rights in our society are sufficient for children and just by telling them can it stabilize the child's position within society and save him from any attack? What should be accepted without question is that the answer is no. Because children need special rights and special protections because of their age and physical and intellectual weakness and if there is no executive guarantee to protect them, of course, not only will these rights not be respected, but they will also be violated and children who are more vulnerable than others suffer a lot. What this research specifically focuses on, a comprehensive review of child and adolescent protection law whereas , in accordance with the international obligations our country has committed to and adhered to in compliance with the convention on the rights of the child in 2000, it was approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly in 2003. In fact, the author's attempt has been to under the pretext of reviewing and evaluating the aforementioned law, evading the existing penal regulations regarding the protection of children and adolescents in the Iranian penal system and thereby evaluate the weaknesses of the aforementioned laws and thus help the legislator to develop and enforce laws protecting certain vulnerable groups such as children.Na sociedade de hoje, as crianças têm um lugar especial e não é mais o caso de a criança ser considerada uma propriedade da família; ela é um indivíduo com sua própria personalidade e status social e com os direitos que a sociedade tem para ela. . Mas o que importa é se os direitos em nossa sociedade são suficientes para as crianças e apenas dizendo a elas que pode estabilizar a posição da criança na sociedade e salvá-la de qualquer ataque? O que deve ser aceito sem questionar é que a resposta é não. Como as crianças precisam de direitos especiais e proteções especiais por causa de sua idade e fraqueza física e intelectual e, se não houver garantia executiva para protegê-las, é claro, não apenas esses direitos não serão respeitados, mas também serão violados e crianças que são mais vulneráveis do que outros sofrem muito. Em que esta pesquisa se concentra especificamente, uma análise abrangente das leis de proteção à criança e ao adolescente, considerando que, de acordo com as obrigações internacionais que nosso país se comprometeu e cumpriu em conformidade com a convenção sobre os direitos da criança em 2000, foi aprovada pela Assembléia Consultiva Islâmica em 2003. De fato, a tentativa do autor tem sido sob o pretexto de revisar e avaliar a lei acima mencionada, esquivando-se dos regulamentos penais existentes sobre a proteção de crianças e adolescentes no sistema penal iraniano e, assim, avaliar as fraquezas de as leis acima mencionadas e, assim, ajudam o legislador a desenvolver e fazer cumprir leis que protegem certos grupos vulneráveis, como crianças

Supporting Victimized Children in Iran's Legislative Criminal Policy

In today's society, children have a special place and it is no longer the case that the child is considered a family property rather, the child is an individual with his or her personality and social status and the rights that society has for him/her. But what matters is whether the rights in our society are sufficient for children and just by telling them can it stabilize the child's position within society and save him from any attack? What should be accepted without question is that the answer is no. Because children need special rights and special protections because of their age and physical and intellectual weakness and if there is no executive guarantee to protect them, of course, not only will these rights not be respected, but they will also be violated and children who are more vulnerable than others suffer a lot. What this research specifically focuses on, a comprehensive review of child and adolescent protection law whereas, following the international obligations our country has committed to and adhered to in compliance with the convention on the rights of the child in 2000, it was approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly in 2003. The author's attempt has been to under the pretext of reviewing and evaluating the aforementioned law, evading the existing penal regulations regarding the protection of children and adolescents in the Iranian penal system and thereby evaluate the weaknesses of the aforementioned laws and thus help the legislator to develop and enforce laws protecting certain vulnerable groups such as children.Keywords: Differential criminal policy; children; child abuse; victimization   Mendukung Anak-Anak Korban Dalam Kebijakan Kriminal Legislatif Iran AbstrakDalam masyarakat sekarang ini, anak memiliki tempat khusus dan tidak lagi dianggap sebagai milik keluarga. Anak adalah individu dengan kepribadian dan status sosialnya tersendiri, serta memiliki hak-hak yang sama sebagaimana masyarakat pada umumnya. Tetapi yang terpenting adalah apakah hak-hak dalam masyarakat kita sudah cukup untuk melindungi anak-anak, dan hanya dengan memberi tahu mereka kemudian dapatkah hal itu menstabilkan posisi anak dalam masyarakat dan menyelamatkannya dari kejahatana apa pun? Pastinya, anak-anak membutuhkan hak dan perlindungan khusus, karena usia dan kelemahan fisik dan intelektual mereka. Jika tidak ada jaminan eksekutif untuk melindungi mereka, maka tentu saja hak-hak ini tidak hanya tidak dihormati, tetapi juga akan dilanggar. Fokus penelitian ini adalah tinjauan komprehensif terhadap undang-undang perlindungan anak dan remaja. Karena sesuai dengan kewajiban internasional, negara Iran telah berkomitmen dan taat menjalankan konvensi tentang hak-hak anak tahun 2000, dan telah disetujui oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Islam Iran pada tahun 2003.Upaya penulis adalah berupaya meninjau dan mengevaluasi undang-undang tersebut, serta menghindari peraturan pidana yang ada mengenai perlindungan anak dan remaja dalam sistem pidana Iran, serta mengevaluasi kelemahan hukum yang disebutkan dan  membantu legislator untuk mengembangkan dan menegakkan hukum yang melindungi kelompok rentan tertentu seperti anak-anak.Kata kunci: Kebijakan pidana diferensial, anak, penganiayaan anak, viktimisasi Поддержка Пострадавших Детей В Законодательной Уголовной Политике В Иране АннотацияДети играют особую роль в сегодняшней культуре и больше не считаются семейной собственностью. Дети - это люди со своими личностными качествами и социальным положением, и они имеют те же привилегии, что и остальное общество. Но самый важный вопрос - адекватны ли права нашего общества, чтобы защитить их, и может ли закон стабилизировать статус ребенка в обществе и спасти его от какого-то преступления? Детям, конечно же, нужны особые привилегии в силу возраста, физической и интеллектуальной слабости. Если исполнительные органы не обещают защищать их, эти меры защиты не только будут отвергнуты, но и будут использоваться для злоупотреблений. Целью данного исследования является тщательное изучение законодательства, касающегося безопасности детей и подростков. Поскольку иранское государство согласилось  принять Конвенцию о правах ребенка в 2000 году, а в 2003 году она была принята Исламской консультативной ассамблеей Ирана в соответствии с международными обязательствами. Автор пытается изучить и оценить эти правила, а также обойти действующее уголовное законодательство о безопасности детей и подростков в иранской уголовной системе, также оценить недостатки перечисленных законов и помочь законодателям в разработке и применении законов, которые смогли бы защищать маргинализированные группы, такие как дети.Ключевые слова: Дифференцированная Уголовная Политика, Дети, Жестокое Обращение С Детьми, Виктимизация

FUNDAMENTOS E DESAFIOS DA LEI PENAL DE RECUSA DE AJUDA AOS LESIONADOS E DE ELIMINAÇÃO DE RISCOS DE VIDA, APROVADA EM 1975

One of the crimes discussed in special criminal law is refusing to help the injured and people at risk, but unfortunately, it has not been considered and investigated. The purpose of this research was the basics and challenges of the criminal law of refusing to help the injured and removing the risks of life approved in 1975. Descriptive analytical research method was to identify the blind and ambiguous points of the unit's material, refraining from helping the injured and identifying the weak points of the unit's material. The results of the research showed that as long as the law and the legislator have turned a moral duty into a legal duty; And he did not pay attention to verifying the relationship of cause and effect; Therefore, if a person who sees someone in need of help but refuses to help, it is considered a crime of omission and is subject to punishment, and in this omission, the causality relationship must also be established. It is not a crime that the legislator did not pay attention to the motive of the willfully refraining or his negligence while performing the duty prescribed by the law, which is effective in the conviction, while in the case of intentional homicide, the perpetrator is the main basis for the conviction of leaving the act of malice. Over the years, other laws have been passed to solve the shortcomings and challenges of this article, and it has been a complement to the penal law of refusing to help the injured. According to the results of the research, it is concluded that the approval of this article has a more moral aspect.Um dos crimes discutidos na lei penal especial é a recusa em socorrer feridos e pessoas em situação de risco, mas, infelizmente, não tem sido considerado e investigado. O objetivo desta pesquisa foram os fundamentos e desafios da lei penal de recusa de socorro aos feridos e afastamento dos riscos de vida aprovado em 1975. O método de pesquisa analítica descritiva foi identificar os pontos cegos e ambíguos do material da unidade, abstendo-se de ajudar os feridos e identificando os pontos fracos do material da unidade. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que enquanto a lei e o legislador transformaram um dever moral em dever jurídico; E não se preocupou em verificar a relação de causa e efeito; Portanto, se uma pessoa que vê alguém precisando de ajuda, mas se recusa a ajudar, é considerado crime de omissão e está sujeita a punição, e nessa omissão também deve ser estabelecida a relação de causalidade. Não é crime que o legislador tenha deixado de atentar para o motivo da abstenção dolosa ou da sua negligência no cumprimento do dever prescrito pela lei, que é eficaz na condenação, ao passo que, no caso do homicídio doloso, o autor é o autor base principal para a condenação de deixar o ato de dolo. Ao longo dos anos, outras leis foram aprovadas para solucionar as deficiências e desafios deste artigo, e foi um complemento à lei penal de recusa de socorro aos feridos. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa, conclui-se que a aprovação deste artigo tem um aspecto mais moral

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2\ub75th percentile and 100 as the 97\ub75th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59\ub74 (IQR 35\ub74–67\ub73), ranging from a low of 11\ub76 (95% uncertainty interval 9\ub76–14\ub70) to a high of 84\ub79 (83\ub71–86\ub77). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of 'leaving no one behind', it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. METHODS: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

© 2018 The Author(s). Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Biological network inference at multiple scales:from gene regulation to species interactions

Carnitine membrane transporter deficiency or primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation, in which the transport of carnitine into cells is impaired. Carnitine plays an important role in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria and carnitine deficiency block oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria that leads to heart and hepatic disease, myopathy, nonketotic hypoglycemia, and neurological complications. PCD has a wide range of symptoms and can reveal itself as symptomatic cardiomyopathy or even asymptomatic. In this study, we reported twin brothers with PCD. One of them had symptoms of disease and cardiomyopathy and was under treatment with carnitine. Another twin was asymptomatic and was diagnosed during follow-up period of his brother

Hypo-Vascular Liver Metastases Treated with Transarterial chemoembolization: Assessment of Early Response by Volumetric Contrast-Enhanced and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of anatomic and volumetric functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in early assessment of response to trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in hypovascular liver metastases. METHODS: This retrospective study included 52 metastatic lesions (42 targeted and 10 non-targeted) in 17 patients who underwent MRI before and early after TACE. Two reviewers reported response by anatomic criteria (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor [RECIST], modified RECIST [mRECIST], and European Association for the Study of Liver Disease [EASL]) and functional criteria (volumetric apparent diffusion coefficient and contrast enhancement). Treatment endpoint was RECIST at 6 months. A 2-sample paired t test was used to compare the mean changes after intra-arterial therapy. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Reduction in mRECIST and EASL at 1 month was significant in the whole cohort as well as in responders by RECIST at 6 months, and the changes fulfilled partial response criteria for both metrics in responders. Responders also had significant changes in volumetric apparent diffusion coefficient (P = .01 and P = .03) and contrast enhancement (P < .0001 and P < .0001) at 1 month for both readers, respectively. CONCLUSION: At 1 month post treatment, responders did not fulfill RECIST criteria but fulfilled mRECIST and EASL criteria. In addition, volumetric contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MRI may be helpful in evaluating early treatment response after TACE in hypovascular liver metastases in patients who have failed to respond to initial chemotherapy

Multipotent Stem Cell and Current Application

Stem cells are self-renewing and undifferentiated cell types that can be differentiate into functional cells. Stem cells can be classified into two main types based on their source of origin: Embryonic and Adult stem cells. Stem cells also classified based on the range of differentiation potentials into Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent. Multipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types within one particular lineage. There are plentiful advantages and usages for multipotent stem cells. Multipotent Stem cells act as a significant key in procedure of development, tissue repair, and protection. Multipotent Stem cells have been applying in treatment of different disorders such as spinal cord injury, bone fracture, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, hematopoietic defects, and fertility preservation