Eficacia de las intervenciones de enfermería para disminuir el temor en personas que inician tratamiento para el cáncer. Un ensayo clínico controlado

ResumenAntecedentes: El cáncer es una enfermedad catastrófica que genera hasta 10 millones de casos nuevos en el mundo; en colombia es un problema de salud pública, luego de los homicidios y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Estos hechos retan al desarrollo de intervenciones  de enfermería para aumentar el control del temor en personas, buscando mejorar el afrontamiento a su enfermedad, terapia y reabilitación.[Cáceres FM, Bohorquez F, Puerto HM, Hernández DS. Eficacia de las intervenciones de enfermería para disminuir el temor en personas que inician tratamiento para el cáncer. Un ensayo clínico controlado. MedUNAB 2004; 7:161-5].Palabras clave: Temor, Cáncer, proseso de enfermería, ensayo clínico controlado

Promoción de derechos sexuales y reproductivos en adolescentes de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca y Lebrija –Colombia.

RESUMENIntroducción: la educación para la sexualidad en el ámbito escolar, es una forma de promover la salud,  y es obligatoria conforme a la legislación vigente para el sector educativo. Sin embargo no hay suficiente formación docente para abordarla de manera apropiada y asegurar resultados favorables para las y los jóvenes; por ello se diseñó e implementó un programa para docentes, orientado a promover la salud sexual y reproductiva en adolescentes con perspectiva de derechos y de género. Metodología: se realizó revisión y articulación de materiales educativos, levantamiento de línea de base, desarrollo del proceso formativo con docentes, asistencia técnica y acompañamiento a docentes y levantamiento de línea de resultados utilizando los mismos instrumentos y población de la línea de base. Resultados: se trabajó en 5 instituciones educativas, con 142 docentes y 80 grupos de estudiantes correspondientes a 2.735. Luego del proceso realizado, se encontraron modificaciones favorables en el conocimiento y manejo de los temas de sexualidad, derechos sexuales y reproductivos y habilidades para la vida en docentes y estudiantes. Conclusiones:  realizar un proceso de educación para la sexualidad desde la promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar con enfoque de DSR y HpV permite la apropiación de información y herramientas pedagógicas y didácticas a docentes para que  a su vez sean trabajadas con estudiantes, aportando fortalezas para su vida, modificando el enfoque biologicista desde el que usualmente se ha  abordado el tema de la sexualidad. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23Palabras clave: Adolescentes, Sexualidad, Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos, Educación.ABSTRACTIntroduction: the education for sexuality within the scholar context is a way to promote health and it is mandatory according to the current legislation. However, there is not enough teacher training to approach this subject properly to assure positive results in youngsters. Hence, a program for teachers to promote sexual and reproductive health in teenagers was designed and implemented. This program was created within framework of rights and gender and was based on three types of teaching materials. Methodology: the program was developed in the next phases: revision and articulation of teaching materials, definition of a base line, development of the training process with teachers, technical assistance and support to teachers, construction of a line of results using the same instruments and target population from the base line. Results: the program was developed in 5 educational institutions, with 142 teachers and 2.735 students divided in 80 groups. After the program implementation, it was found favorable changes in teachers and students in their knowledge of sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, and their way to handle these issues. They also showed a general improvement of their life skills. Conclusions: to develop a process of education for sexuality from the promotion of health in the scholar context (with sexual and reproductive rights and life skills approaches), facilitates the appropriation of information and pedagogical and didactic tools for teachers, and for their work with students, strengthening their life skills and modifying the biologicist approach, from which the topic of sexuality is usually addressed. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23key words: adolescents, sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, educatio

Promoción de derechos sexuales y reproductivos en adolescentes de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca y Lebrija –Colombia.

RESUMENIntroducción: la educación para la sexualidad en el ámbito escolar, es una forma de promover la salud,  y es obligatoria conforme a la legislación vigente para el sector educativo. Sin embargo no hay suficiente formación docente para abordarla de manera apropiada y asegurar resultados favorables para las y los jóvenes; por ello se diseñó e implementó un programa para docentes, orientado a promover la salud sexual y reproductiva en adolescentes con perspectiva de derechos y de género. Metodología: se realizó revisión y articulación de materiales educativos, levantamiento de línea de base, desarrollo del proceso formativo con docentes, asistencia técnica y acompañamiento a docentes y levantamiento de línea de resultados utilizando los mismos instrumentos y población de la línea de base. Resultados: se trabajó en 5 instituciones educativas, con 142 docentes y 80 grupos de estudiantes correspondientes a 2.735. Luego del proceso realizado, se encontraron modificaciones favorables en el conocimiento y manejo de los temas de sexualidad, derechos sexuales y reproductivos y habilidades para la vida en docentes y estudiantes. Conclusiones:  realizar un proceso de educación para la sexualidad desde la promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar con enfoque de DSR y HpV permite la apropiación de información y herramientas pedagógicas y didácticas a docentes para que  a su vez sean trabajadas con estudiantes, aportando fortalezas para su vida, modificando el enfoque biologicista desde el que usualmente se ha  abordado el tema de la sexualidad. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23Palabras clave: Adolescentes, Sexualidad, Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos, Educación.ABSTRACTIntroduction: the education for sexuality within the scholar context is a way to promote health and it is mandatory according to the current legislation. However, there is not enough teacher training to approach this subject properly to assure positive results in youngsters. Hence, a program for teachers to promote sexual and reproductive health in teenagers was designed and implemented. This program was created within framework of rights and gender and was based on three types of teaching materials. Methodology: the program was developed in the next phases: revision and articulation of teaching materials, definition of a base line, development of the training process with teachers, technical assistance and support to teachers, construction of a line of results using the same instruments and target population from the base line. Results: the program was developed in 5 educational institutions, with 142 teachers and 2.735 students divided in 80 groups. After the program implementation, it was found favorable changes in teachers and students in their knowledge of sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, and their way to handle these issues. They also showed a general improvement of their life skills. Conclusions: to develop a process of education for sexuality from the promotion of health in the scholar context (with sexual and reproductive rights and life skills approaches), facilitates the appropriation of information and pedagogical and didactic tools for teachers, and for their work with students, strengthening their life skills and modifying the biologicist approach, from which the topic of sexuality is usually addressed. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (3): 13-23key words: adolescents, sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, educatio

Efficacy of nursing interventions to reduce fear in people starting cancer treatment. A controlled clinical trial

Antecedentes: El cáncer es una enfermedad catastrófica que genera hasta 10 millones de casos nuevos en el mundo; en Colombia es un problema de salud pública, luego de los homicidios y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Estos hechos retan al desarrollo de intervenciones de enfermería para aumentar el control del temor en personas, buscando mejorar el afrontamiento a su enfermedad, terapia y rehabilitación. Objetivo: Determinar la efi cacia de las inter-venciones de enfermería para disminuir el temor en las personas que inician tratamiento para el cáncer. Método: Ensayo clínico controla-do. Con el proceso de enfermería se hizo valoración de la etiqueta diagnóstica “control del temor” de la Clasifi cación de Resultados de Enfermería. Se aleatorizaron por bloques dos grupos de pacientes, uno experimental que recibió las intervenciones recomendadas por la Clasifi cación de Intervenciones de Enfermería, y otro control con las intervenciones habituales del servicio. Se compararon los grupos mediante análisis de covarianza de los puntajes finales de la etiqueta “control de temor” controlando por los puntajes iniciales, edad y género. Resultados: Se encontró diferencia de 0.75 (IC 95% 0.40 - 1.10) puntos en el control del temor a favor del grupo intervención. Conclusión: Las intervenciones de enfermería son eficaces para el control del temor en las personas que inician tratamiento para cáncer. [Cáceres FM, Bohórquez F, Puerto HM, Hernández DS. Eficacia de las intervenciones de enfermería para disminuir el temor en personas que inician tratamiento para el cáncer. Un ensayo clínico controlado. MedUNAB 2004;Background: Cancer is a catastrophic disease that generates up to 10 million new cases worldwide; In Colombia it is a public health problem, after homicides and cardiovascular diseases. These facts challenge the development of nursing interventions to increase the control of fear in people, seeking to improve coping with their illness, therapy and rehabilitation. Objective: Determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions to reduce fear in people starting cancer treatment. Method: Controlled clinical trial. With the nursing process, an assessment was made of the diagnostic label “fear control” of the Nursing Outcomes Classification. Two groups of patients were randomized in blocks, an experimental one that received the interventions recommended by the Classification of Nursing Interventions, and another control group with the usual interventions of the service. The groups were compared by analysis of covariance of the final scores of the “fear control” label, controlling for the initial scores, age, and gender. Results: A difference of 0.75 (95% CI 0.40 - 1.10) points was found in fear control in favor of the intervention group. Conclusion: Nursing interventions are effective in controlling fear in people starting cancer treatment. [Cáceres FM, Bohórquez F, Puerto HM, Hernández DS. Efficacy of nursing interventions to reduce fear in people starting cancer treatment. A controlled clinical trial. MedUNAB 200

Radiographers supporting radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography: a viable strategy to meet the shortage in the number of radiologists.

BackgroundAn alternative approach to the traditional model of radiologists interpreting screening mammography is necessary due to the shortage of radiologists to interpret screening mammograms in many countries.MethodsWe evaluated the performance of 15 Mexican radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, in the interpretation of screening mammography after a 6 months training period in a screening setting. Fifteen radiographers received 6 months standardized training with radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) system. A challenging test set of 110 cases developed by the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium was used to evaluate their performance. We estimated sensitivity, specificity, false positive rates, likelihood ratio of a positive test (LR+) and the area under the subject-specific Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for diagnostic accuracy. A mathematical model simulating the consequences in costs and performance of two hypothetical scenarios compared to the status quo in which a radiologist reads all screening mammograms was also performed.ResultsRadiographer's sensitivity was comparable to the sensitivity scores achieved by U.S. radiologists who took the test but their false-positive rate was higher. Median sensitivity was 73.3 % (Interquartile range, IQR: 46.7-86.7 %) and the median false positive rate was 49.5 % (IQR: 34.7-57.9 %). The median LR+ was 1.4 (IQR: 1.3-1.7 %) and the median AUC was 0.6 (IQR: 0.6-0.7). A scenario in which a radiographer reads all mammograms first, and a radiologist reads only those that were difficult for the radiographer, was more cost-effective than a scenario in which either the radiographer or radiologist reads all mammograms.ConclusionsGiven the comparable sensitivity achieved by Mexican radiographers and U.S. radiologists on a test set, screening mammography interpretation by radiographers appears to be a possible adjunct to radiologists in countries with shortages of radiologists. Further studies are required to assess the effectiveness of different training programs in order to obtain acceptable screening accuracy, as well as the best approaches for the use of non-physician readers to interpret screening mammography

Time course study of oxidative and nitrosative stress and antioxidant enzymes in K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced nephrotoxicity

BACKGROUND: Potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7))-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this study we investigated the relation between the time course of the oxidative and nitrosative stress with kidney damage and alterations in the following antioxidant enzymes: Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), Mn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT). METHODS: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by a single injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7). Groups of animals were sacrificed on days 1,2,3,4,6,8,10, and 12. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated by histological studies and by measuring creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and total protein. Oxidative and nitrosative stress were measured by immunohistochemical localization of protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyrosine, respectively. Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT were studied by immunohistochemical localization. The activity of total SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR was also measured as well as serum and kidney content of chromium and urinary excretion of NO(2 )(-)/NO(3)(-). Data were compared by two-way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc test. RESULTS: Serum and kidney chromium content increased reaching the highest value on day 1. Nephrotoxicity was made evident by the decrease in creatinine clearance (days 1–4) and by the increase in serum creatinine (days 1–4), BUN (days 1–6), urinary excretion of NAG (days 1–4), and total protein (day 1–6) and by the structural damage to the proximal tubules (days 1–6). Oxidative and nitrosative stress were clearly evident on days 1–8. Urinary excretion of NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(- )decreased on days 2–6. Mn-SOD and Cu, Zn-SOD, estimated by immunohistochemistry, and total SOD activity remained unchanged. Activity of GPx decreased on days 3–12 and those of GR and CAT on days 2–10. Similar findings were observed by immunohistochemistry of CAT. CONCLUSION: These data show the association between oxidative and nitrosative stress with functional and structural renal damage induced by K(2)Cr(2)O(7). Renal antioxidant enzymes were regulated differentially and were not closely associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress or with kidney damage. In addition, the decrease in the urinary excretion of NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(- )was associated with the renal nitrosative stress suggesting that nitric oxide was derived to the formation of reactive nitrogen species involved in protein nitration

Exploring the link between MORF4L1 and risk of breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Proteins encoded by Fanconi anemia (FA) and/or breast cancer (BrCa) susceptibility genes cooperate in a common DNA damage repair signaling pathway. To gain deeper insight into this pathway and its influence on cancer risk, we searched for novel components through protein physical interaction screens. METHODS: Protein physical interactions were screened using the yeast two-hybrid system. Co-affinity purifications and endogenous co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to corroborate interactions. Biochemical and functional assays in human, mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans models were carried out to characterize pathway components. Thirteen FANCD2-monoubiquitinylation-positive FA cell lines excluded for genetic defects in the downstream pathway components and 300 familial BrCa patients negative for BRCA1/2 mutations were analyzed for genetic mutations. Common genetic variants were genotyped in 9,573 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers for associations with BrCa risk. RESULTS: A previously identified co-purifying protein with PALB2 was identified, MRG15 (MORF4L1 gene). Results in human, mouse and C. elegans models delineate molecular and functional relationships with BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51 and RPA1 that suggest a role for MRG15 in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Mrg15-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts showed moderate sensitivity to γ-irradiation relative to controls and reduced formation of Rad51 nuclear foci. Examination of mutants of MRG15 and BRCA2 C. elegans orthologs revealed phenocopy by accumulation of RPA-1 (human RPA1) nuclear foci and aberrant chromosomal compactions in meiotic cells. However, no alterations or mutations were identified for MRG15/MORF4L1 in unclassified FA patients and BrCa familial cases. Finally, no significant associations between common MORF4L1 variants and BrCa risk for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers were identified: rs7164529, Ptrend = 0.45 and 0.05, P2df = 0.51 and 0.14, respectively; and rs10519219, Ptrend = 0.92 and 0.72, P2df = 0.76 and 0.07, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: While the present study expands on the role of MRG15 in the control of genomic stability, weak associations cannot be ruled out for potential low-penetrance variants at MORF4L1 and BrCa risk among BRCA2 mutation carriers.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.Peer reviewe

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change