Estudos filogenéticos, taxonômicos e nomenclaturais em Vochysiaceae e sinopse de Vochysia no Brasil

Orientador: André Olmos SimõesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: O presente trabalho apresenta contribuições à sistemática de Vochysiaceae, na forma dos seguintes capítulos: (1) estudo filogenético molecular de Vochysiaceae, acompanhado por investigação de possíveis sinapomorfias morfológicas; (2) tipificações e sinonimizações em Vochysia; (3) nomenclator para as espécies de Vochysia ocorrentes no Brasil; (4) correta atribuição do lectótipo de Vochysia guianensis Aubl. e (5) descrição de uma nova espécie de Qualea. No estudo filogenético foram recuperados três principais clados: Erismeae (Erisma e Erismadelphus), QRC (Qualea, Ruizterania e Callisthene) e VS (Vochysia e Salvertia), mas sem muita resolução sobre a relação entre eles. Erisma surgiu como grupo-irmão de Erismadelphus, a maioria das espécies de Callisthene foi agrupada em um clado, as linhagens de Qualea e Ruizterania formaram uma politomia, e Salvertia surgiu como grupo-irmão de Vochysia. Apesar da formação de um clado, sua relação com C. fasciculata Mart. é incerta, pois não foi encontrada resolução. Ruizterania, por sua vez, foi incorporado a Qualea. Algumas das categorias infragenéricas, previamente baseadas exclusivamente em atributos morfológicos, foram corroboradas como monofiléticas pelos dados moleculares. Entre os caracteres morfológicos mapeados, quatro tiveram estados representados como potenciais sinapomorfias para a família: ausência de glândulas translúcidas nas folhas, presença de cálcar ou proeminência bursiforme na quarta sépala, estame ereto no botão floral e presença de um único estame fértil. Outros nove estados de caráter também foram tidos como potenciais sinapomorfias para alguns clados principais. Em relação aos estudos nomenclaturais de espécies de Vochysia no Brasil, 26 lectotipificações foram propostas, sendo 21 de segundo passo e uma outra associada a um epítipo. Quatro novos sinônimos foram também propostos. O nomenclator apresenta uma compilação e análise de informações dos 86 nomes de espécies de Vochysia ocorrentes no Brasil, além de alguns de variedades. São apresentados publicação original, dados sobre os tipos, sinonímia, posicionamento infragenérico e distribuição geográfica atualizada para as espécies aceitas. A correta atribuição do lectótipo de V. guianensis, espécie-tipo do gênero, foi esclarecida também. O espécime do herbário P (Museu Nacional de História Natural de Paris) havia sido designado antes do espécime do herbário BM (Museu de História Natural de Londres), erroneamente tratado como lectótipo na revisão mais recente de Vochysia. A nova espécie de Qualea do Piauí pertence a Qualea sect. Costatifolium Stafleu e é endêmica da área de Serra das Confusões. Também é fornecida uma comparação com Q. grandiflora Mart. e Q. parviflora Mart., as outras espécies do gênero que ocorrem na CaatingaAbstract: The present work explores the systematics of Vochysiaceae, through the following chapters: (1) molecular phylogenetic study of Vochysiaceae, along with investigation on possible morphological synapomorphies; (2) typifications and synonymizations in Vochysia; (3) nomenclator for the species of Vochysia occurring in Brazil; (4) the correct assignment of the lectotype of Vochysia guianensis Aubl. and (5) description of a new species of Qualea. In the phylogenetic study three main clades were recovered: Erismeae (Erisma and Erismadelphus), QRC (Qualea, Ruizterania and Callisthene) and VS (Vochysia and Salvertia), but there is no strong resolution in their relationships. Erisma emerged as sister group to Erismadelphus, most species of Callisthene was grouped in a clade, Qualea and Ruizterania lineages formed a polytomy, and Salvertia is the sister group to Vochysia. Although the formation of a clade, its relationship with C. fasciculata Mart. is uncertain, because there was no resolution found. Ruizterania, in turn, was incorporated into Qualea. Several of the infrageneric categories, previously based exclusively on morphological traits, were corroborated as monophyletic by the molecular data. Among the morphological traits mapped, four have states represented as potential synapomorphies for the family: absence of translucid glands in the leaves, presence of a spur or bursiform prominence in the fourth sepal, the erect stamen in the flower bud and only one fertile stamen. Other nine character states are also potential synapomorphies for major clades. Regarding the nomenclatural studies of species of Vochysia in Brazil, 26 lectotypifications were proposed, being 21 of second-step and another one associated to an epitype. Four new synonyms were also proposed. The nomenclator presents a compilation and analysis of information for the 86 names of species of Vochysia occurring in Brazil, as well as for some varieties. Original publication, data on types, synonymy, infrageneric placement and updated geographic distribution for the accepted species are given. The correct assignment of the lectotype of V. guianensis, type species of the genus, was also clarified. The specimen from herbarium P (National Museum of Natural History of Paris) was designated before the specimen from herbarium BM (Natural History Museum of London), erroneously treated as lectotype in the most recent revision of Vochysia. The new species of Qualea from Piauí belongs to Qualea sect. Costatifolium Stafleu and is endemic to the Serra das Confusões area. A comparison with Q. grandiflora Mart. and Q. parviflora Mart., the other species of the genus occurring in the Caatinga, is also providedDoutoradoBiologia VegetalDoutor em Biologia Vegetal148174/2012-4CAPESCNP

Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Vochysiaceae

(Flora of the Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Vochysiaceae). The study of the family Vochysiaceae is part of the project "Flora of Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil". The family is represented there by 22 species of the genera Callisthene, Qualea, Salvertia, and Vochysia, respectively with four, four, one and thirteen species. Key to the genera and species, descriptions, illustrations and comments on the geographic distribution, habitat, phenology and morphological variations are presented.(Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Vochysiaceae). O estudo da família Vochysiaceae é parte do projeto "Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil". Esta família está representada na área por 22 espécies dos gêneros Callisthene, Qualea, Salvertia e Vochysia, respectivamente com quatro, quatro, uma e treze espécies. São apresentadas chaves para gêneros e espécies, descrições, ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição geográfica, hábitat, fenologia e variações morfológicas

Modelling the fraction of Lyman Break Galaxies with strong Lyman alpha emission at 5 < z < 7

We present theoretical results for the expected fraction of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) to be detected as strong Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs) in the redshift range 5 < z < 7. We base our analysis on the 2-billion particle SPH simulation MareNostrum High-z Universe. We approximate galaxies as static dusty slabs with an additional clumpy dust distribution affecting stellar populations younger than 25 Myr. The model for the Lyman alpha escape fraction is based on the results of our Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code (CLARA) for a slab configuration. We also fix the transmission of Lyman alpha photons through the intergalactic medium to a constant value of 50% at all redshifts. From the results of this model we calculate xLya, the fraction of Lyman Break Galaxies with Lyman alpha equivalent width (EW) larger than 50 Angstrom. We find a remarkable agreement with observational data at 4.5 < z < 6. For bright (-22 < MUV < -20.5) and faint (-20.5 < MUV < -18.5) galaxies our model predicts xLya = 0.02 \pm 0.01 and xLya = 0.47 \pm 0.01 while observers report xLya = 0.08 \pm 0.02 and xLya = 0.47 \pm 0.16, respectively. Additional evolution of the extinction model at redshift z \sim 7, that decreases the intensity of transmitted Lyman alpha radiation by a factor of f_T = 0.4 as to match the LAE luminosity function at z \sim 6.5, naturally provides a good match for the recently reported xLya fractions at z > 6.3. Exploring different toy models for the Lyman alpha escape fraction, we show that a decreasing Lyman alpha escape fraction with increasing UV galaxy luminosity is a key element in our model to explain the of larger xLya fractions for fainter LBGs.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Identification of metabolic pathways influenced by the G-protein coupled receptors GprB and GprD in Aspergillus nidulans

Heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated signaling pathways play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling in eukaryotes. Our main aim was to identify signaling pathways regulated by A. nidulans GprB and GprD G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). When these two null mutant strains were compared to the wild-type strain, the DeltagprB mutant showed an increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity while growing in glucose 1% and during starvation. In contrast, the DeltagprD has a much lower PKA activity upon starvation. Transcriptomics and (1)H NMR-based metabolomics were performed on two single null mutants grown on glucose. We noted modulation in the expression of 11 secondary metabolism gene clusters when the DeltagprB and DeltagprD mutant strains were grown in 1% glucose. Several members of the sterigmatocystin-aflatoxin gene cluster presented down-regulation in both mutant strains. The genes of the NR-PKS monodictyphenone biosynthesis cluster had overall increased mRNA accumulation in DeltagprB, while in the DeltagprD mutant strain the genes had decreased mRNA accumulation. Principal component analysis of the metabolomic data demonstrated that there was a significant metabolite shift in the DeltagprD strain. The (1)H NMR analysis revealed significant expression of essential amino acids with elevated levels in the DeltagprD strain, compared to the wild-type and DeltagprB strains. With the results, we demonstrated the differential expression of a variety of genes related mainly to secondary metabolism, sexual development, stress signaling, and amino acid metabolism. We propose that the absence of GPCRs triggered stress responses at the genetic level. The data suggested an intimate relationship among different G-protein coupled receptors, fine-tune regulation of secondary and amino acid metabolisms, and fungal development

Gender Dimorphism in Skeletal Muscle Leptin Receptors, Serum Leptin and Insulin Sensitivity

To determine if there is a gender dimorphism in the expression of leptin receptors (OB-R170, OB-R128 and OB-R98) and the protein suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in human skeletal muscle, the protein expression of OB-R, perilipin A, SOCS3 and alpha-tubulin was assessed by Western blot in muscle biopsies obtained from the m. vastus lateralis in thirty-four men (age = 27.1±6.8 yr) and thirty-three women (age = 26.7±6.7 yr). Basal serum insulin concentration and HOMA were similar in both genders. Serum leptin concentration was 3.4 times higher in women compared to men (P<0.05) and this difference remained significant after accounting for the differences in percentage of body fat or soluble leptin receptor. OB-R protein was 41% (OB-R170, P<0.05) and 163% (OB-R128, P<0.05) greater in women than men. There was no relationship between OB-R expression and the serum concentrations of leptin or 17β-estradiol. In men, muscle OB-R128 protein was inversely related to serum free testosterone. In women, OB-R98 and OB-R128 were inversely related to total serum testosterone concentration, and OB-R128 to serum free testosterone concentration. SOCS3 protein expression was similar in men and women and was not related to OB-R. In women, there was an inverse relationship between the logarithm of free testosterone and SCOS3 protein content in skeletal muscle (r = −0.46, P<0.05). In summary, there is a gender dimorphism in skeletal muscle leptin receptors expression, which can be partly explained by the influence of testosterone. SOCS3 expression in skeletal muscle is not up-regulated in women, despite very high serum leptin concentrations compared to men. The circulating form of the leptin receptor can not be used as a surrogate measure of the amount of leptin receptors expressed in skeletal muscles

Drivers of genetic diversity in secondary metabolic gene clusters within a fungal species

Drivers of genetic diversity in secondary metabolic gene clusters within a fungal speciesFilamentous fungi produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites (SMs) critical for defense, virulence, and communication. The metabolic pathways that produce SMs are found in contiguous gene clusters in fungal genomes, an atypical arrangement for metabolic pathways in other eukaryotes. Comparative studies of filamentous fungal species have shown that SM gene clusters are often either highly divergent or uniquely present in one or a handful of species, hampering efforts to determine the genetic basis and evolutionary drivers of SM gene cluster divergence. Here, we examined SM variation in 66 cosmopolitan strains of a single species, the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Investigation of genome-wide within-species variation revealed 5 general types of variation in SM gene clusters: nonfunctional gene polymorphisms; gene gain and loss polymorphisms; whole cluster gain and loss polymorphisms; allelic polymorphisms, in which different alleles corresponded to distinct, nonhomologous clusters; and location polymorphisms, in which a cluster was found to differ in its genomic location across strains. These polymorphisms affect the function of representative A. fumigatus SM gene clusters, such as those involved in the production of gliotoxin, fumigaclavine, and helvolic acid as well as the function of clusters with undefined products. In addition to enabling the identification of polymorphisms, the detection of which requires extensive genome-wide synteny conservation (e.g., mobile gene clusters and nonhomologous cluster alleles), our approach also implicated multiple underlying genetic drivers, including point mutations, recombination, and genomic deletion and insertion events as well as horizontal gene transfer from distant fungi. Finally, most of the variants that we uncover within A. fumigatus have been previously hypothesized to contribute to SM gene cluster diversity across entire fungal classes and phyla. We suggest that the drivers of genetic diversity operating within a fungal species shown here are sufficient to explain SM cluster macroevolutionary patterns.National Science Foundation (grant number DEB-1442113). Received by AR. U.S. National Library of Medicine training grant (grant number 2T15LM007450). Received by ALL. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientı´fico e 573 Tecnológico. Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (grant number NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000013). Received by FR. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do 572 Estado de São Paulo. Received by GHG. National Institutes of Health (grant number R01 AI065728-01). Received by NPK. National Science Foundation (grant number IOS-1401682). Received by JHW. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements