Actividad Física como Medio de Prevención del Consumo de Sustancias Ilícitas y Licitas en los Medios Escolares

Los factores de riesgo juegan un papel fundamental en las decisiones sobre el uso de las sustancias ilícitas y lícitas que pueden afectar a los niños y jóvenes durante diferentes etapas de su vida. En cada etapa, ocurren riesgos que se pueden cambiar a través de una intervención preventiva familiar, escolar y comunitaria, orientada a ayudar a que los niños desarrollen conductas positivas apropiadas, y evitar los comportamientos actitudinales negativos que pueden llevar a riesgo adicionales, tales como el fracaso académico y dificultades sociales, aumentando en los niños el peligro de incurrir en el uso y abuso de sustancias ilícitas y lícitas en el futuro. De allí que, las estrategias de prevención basados en el proyecto de aprendizaje se deben enfocar en una intervención que favorezca el desarrollo del niño y adolescente para fortalecer los factores de protección antes que se desarrollen los problemas de conducta. Este estudio, está enmarcado en la línea de investigación: Promoción de la Salud Colectiva, cuyo propósito fue implementar estrategias para la formación de brigadas escolares en acción preventiva para la disminución del consumo de sustancias licitas e ilícitas en búsqueda de una mejor calidad de vida de los estudiantes del Liceo Bolivariano “Pedro Gual”, Valencia Estado Carabobo. Venezuela. El estudio se ubicó en la investigación-acción con modalidad participativa en la acción participante, estructurado en tres fases: (a) Fase diagnóstica: abordada mediante una investigación de campo descriptiva, que permitió recolectar datos de la realidad problemática. Utilizando una población de 420 estudiantes de educación primaria y media general, la muestra fue intencional quedando representada por 99 estudiantes, que constituyen el 25 % del total de la población; (b) Fase de Plan de Acción: donde se planificaron y organizaron las estrategias para el Rally Ecológico Preventivo Integral, tomando en cuenta los ejes transversales del conocimiento (ser, conocer, hacer y convivir), para la conformación de las brigadas preventivas escolares; (c) Fase de Evaluación: en la cual se ejecutó y se evaluó el plan de acción, mediante un instrumento de indicadores de satisfacción. Los resultados evidenciaron que la aplicación de estrategias pedagógicas preventivas mediante un plan deMorales, M.; Hernández, N.; Sarmiento, I.: Actividad Física como Medio de Prevención…Revista Electrónica Actividad Física y Ciencias. VOL 4, Nº 1. 20122acción denominado Rally Ecológico Preventivo Integral, permitió la difusión y multiplicación de información con base a la experiencia, acerca de la forma de prevenir y disminuir el consumo de sustancias por medios de los factores de protección. Se logró insertar la temática de prevención del consumo de sustancias lícitas e ilícitas, considerando los factores de riesgos y de protección, en los ejes transversales de las diferentes asignaturas del plan de estudio del Liceo Bolivariano Pedro Gual. Se desarrollaron actividades que facilitaron la adquisición de habilidades y destrezas en los estudiantes, para que cumplieran en su comunidad funciones como preventores escolares, utilizando el tiempo libre de manera adecuada en actividades deportivas, culturales, recreativas, familiares, laborales y comunitarias, atendiendo así de manera responsable los problemas de seguridad que vive nuestra sociedad y que impactan directa e indirectamente nuestro entorno escolar, accionar que requiere del compromiso y participación de todos

La interacción entre academia y empresa para coadyuvar al desarrollo regional

La importancia del sector de las MiPymes (micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas) en la economía ha quedado manifiesta desde hace varias décadas. En este contexto las microempresas son fundamentales para el desarrollo económico, por la generación de empleos y su aportación al producto interno bruto, por ello es importante no sólo que surjan, sino que puedan mantenerse en el mercado y con ello contribuir al desarrollo económico de la región donde se encuentren ubicadas. A la par de ello, las instituciones de educación superior están enfocadas a preparar a los jóvenes para el mundo empresarial, y en esa preparación ocupa un lugar especial las competencias y habilidades obtenidas de la práctica, ya que el conocimiento se transforma al aplicarse en situaciones reales en el sector empresarial. Una de las estrategias educativas que se puede utilizar para que los jóvenes transfieran el conocimiento a la aplicación, es a través del desarrollo de Proyectos Integradores (en adelante PI) vinculados con el sector productivo. Esta herramienta permite vincular al sector académico con el sector productico a través del desarrollo de un proyecto aplicado en la empresa, el cual va dirigido a detectar las áreas de mejora de la empresa y coadyuvar a corregir las fallas que en ellas se tenga. Con esto la empresa puede mejorar su situación financiera, lo que impacta en su permanencia y posición en el mercado, contribuyendo con eso al desarrollo regional. Una de las principales carencias de las MiPymes es la falta de administración estratégica en su operación, lo que impacta en su planificación anual, y los lleva a operar de manera un tanto azarosa. Por tal motivo, el presente trabajo consiste en el desarrollo de un proyecto integrador consistente en la aplicación de un plan estratégico que permita a la empresa detectar sus áreas de mejora y la implementación de estrategias dirigidas a coadyuvar en la corrección de las áreas de oportunidad de la empresa. Con el presente trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de competencias educativas de los estudiantes al enfrentarse a situaciones reales que se encuentran en las empresas. Para el logro de lo citado, se considera a estudiantes de la carrera de Ingeniería en Gestión Empresarial del Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Poza Rica, mediante la realización de un conjunto de actividades articuladas entre sí, con el propósito de resolver un problema del contexto empresarial, el cual se establece como la detección de las áreas de oportunidad de la empresa. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que los estudiantes lograron desarrollar sus competencias y con ello resolver el problema planteado por la empresa, la cual validó dicho resultado

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LAS MICROEMPRESAS DE POZA RICA, VERACRUZ

El presente trabajo busca conocer las características principales de las microempresas de la ciudad de Poza Rica, Veracruz, a fin de determinar aquellas variables que impactan positivamente en su permanencia en el mercado o en su nivel de competitividad. Para ello se realiza un estudio mediante la aplicación de una encuesta que incluye aspectos de diversos ámbitos relacionados con la empresa y su administración. Los resultados señalan que las microempresas de la ciudad pertenecen en su mayoría al sector comercial, tienen un promedio de vida de 12 años y cuentan con un promedio de casi cuatro trabajadores. Por otra parte, en su mayoría manifiestan que planifican y evalúan las actividades cada año, así como también proporcionan capacitación a sus empleados. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir como punto de partida para el establecimiento de estrategias dirigidas a mejorar las áreas de oportunidad existentes en las empresas. Se utilizó información del Sistema de Información Empresarial de México (SIEM)

Re-conceptualising Territorial Cohesion Through the Prism of Spatial Justice : Critical Perspectives on Academic and Policy Discourses

Peer reviewe

The state of health in the European Union (EU-27) in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

Background: The European Union (EU) faces many health-related challenges. Burden of diseases information and the resulting trends over time are essential for health planning. This paper reports estimates of disease burden in the EU and individual 27 EU countries in 2019, and compares them with those in 2010.Methods: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals for the whole EU and each country to evaluate age-standardised death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates for Level 2 causes, as well as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE).Results:In 2019, the age-standardised death and DALY rates in the EU were 465.8 deaths and 20,251.0 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Between 2010 and 2019, there were significant decreases in age-standardised death and YLL rates across EU countries. However, YLD rates remained mainly unchanged. The largest decreases in age-standardised DALY rates were observed for "HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases" and "transport injuries" (each -19%). "Diabetes and kidney diseases" showed a significant increase for age-standardised DALY rates across the EU (3.5%). In addition, "mental disorders" showed an increasing age-standardised YLL rate (14.5%).Conclusions: There was a clear trend towards improvement in the overall health status of the EU but with differences between countries. EU health policymakers need to address the burden of diseases, paying specific attention to causes such as mental disorders. There are many opportunities for mutual learning among otherwise similar countries with different patterns of disease

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

The state of health in the European Union (EU-27) in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

Background: The European Union (EU) faces many health-related challenges. Burden of diseases information and the resulting trends over time are essential for health planning. This paper reports estimates of disease burden in the EU and individual 27 EU countries in 2019, and compares them with those in 2010. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals for the whole EU and each country to evaluate age-standardised death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates for Level 2 causes, as well as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE). Results: In 2019, the age-standardised death and DALY rates in the EU were 465.8 deaths and 20,251.0 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Between 2010 and 2019, there were significant decreases in age-standardised death and YLL rates across EU countries. However, YLD rates remained mainly unchanged. The largest decreases in age-standardised DALY rates were observed for “HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases” and “transport injuries” (each -19%). “Diabetes and kidney diseases” showed a significant increase for age-standardised DALY rates across the EU (3.5%). In addition, “mental disorders” showed an increasing age-standardised YLL rate (14.5%). Conclusions: There was a clear trend towards improvement in the overall health status of the EU but with differences between countries. EU health policymakers need to address the burden of diseases, paying specific attention to causes such as mental disorders. There are many opportunities for mutual learning among otherwise similar countries with different patterns of disease

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation