Programa de juegos para el fortalecimiento de habilidades sociales básicas en las niñas del primer grado de educación primaria de la I.E. N° 11015 "Comandante Elías Aguirre"- Chiclayo-2012

Las habilidades sociales permiten al niño interactuar con sus pares y entorno de una manera socialmente aceptable, estas habilidades pueden ser aprendidas, y pueden ir de más simples a complejas, como saludar, sonreír, hacer favores, pedir favores, hacer amigos, expresar sentimientos, expresar opiniones, defender sus derechos, iniciar-mantener-terminar conversaciones, etc. Ser socialmente hábil, favorece la socialización infantil, aumenta el rendimiento intelectual, crea mayores interacciones positivas, amplía la aceptación de los demás hacia nosotros, permite emitir respuestas afectivas y apropiadas, aumenta el reforzamiento social. Las habilidades básicasmotiva a los niños y niñas a una mejor soltura y a una expresión corporal, de sentimientos y de valores. La formulación del problema tratado fue el siguiente: ¿Qué efectos produce el programa de juegos para el fortalecimiento de habilidades sociales básicas en las niñas del Primer Grado de Educación Primaria de la I.E. N° 11015 “Comandante Elias Aguirre” Chiclayo - 2012? Consideramos como objetivo general: Implementar un programa de juegos para el fortalecimiento de habilidades sociales básicas en las niñas del Primer Grado de Educación Primaria de la Institución Educativa N° 11015 “Comandante Elias Aguirre” Chiclayo - 2012. La hipótesis supuesta fue: La implementación de un programa de juegos fortalecerán las habilidades sociales básicas en las niñas del Primer Grado de Educación Primaria de la Institución Educativa N° 11015 “Comandante Elias Aguirre” Chiclayo. Fue una investigación detipo explicativo, se hizo uso del diseño de dos grupos experimental y control con pre-test y pos-test

Interleukin-4 (IL4) and Interleukin-4 receptor (IL4RA) polymorphisms in asthma: a case control study

BACKGROUND: IL4/IL4RA pathway plays an important role in atopy and asthma. Different polymorphisms in IL4 and IL4RA genes have been described. Particularly, -33C>TIL4 and 576Q>RIL4RA SNPs have been independently associated to atopy and asthma. The purpose of this study was to analyse these polymorphisms in a population of patients with a well-characterized asthma phenotype. METHODS: A total of 212 unrelated Caucasian individuals, 133 patients with asthma and 79 healthy subjects without symptoms or history of asthma or atopy and with negative skin prick tests were recruited. Lung function was measured by spirometry and asthma was specialist physician-diagnosed according to the ATS (American Thoracic Society) criteria and classified following the GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines. Skin prick tests were performed according to EAACI recommendations. -33C>TIL4 was studied with TaqMan assay and 576Q>RIL4RA by PCR-RFLP technique. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analysed in all groups. Dichotomous variables were analysed using χ(2), Fisher exact test, Monte Carlo simulation test and odds ratio test. To model the effects of multiple covariates logistic regression was used. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences between the group of patients with asthma and the controls were found when the allele and genotype distribution of -33C>TIL4 and 576Q>RIL4RA polymorphisms were compared. However, the T allele of the -33C>TIL4 SNP was more frequent in patients with persistent asthma. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex confirmed that carriers of allele T had an increased risk of persistent asthma (OR:2.77, 95%CI:1.18–6.49; p = 0.019). Analysis of combination of polymorphisms showed that patients carrying both the T allele of -33C>TIL4 and the A allele of 576Q>RIL4RA had an increased risk of asthma. This association was particularly observed in persistent asthma [Fisher's p value = 0.0021, Monte Carlo p value (after 10(4 )simulations) = 0.0016, OR:3.39; 95% CI:1.50–7.66]. CONCLUSION: Our results show a trend of association between the genetic combination of the T allele of -33C>TIL4 and the A allele of 576Q>RIL4RA with asthma. This genetic variant was more frequently observed in patients with persistent asthma. As long as this study was performed in a small population, further studies in other populations are needed to confirm these results

Mantenimiento de pavimento rígido y flexible para evitar un desgaste prematuro en vías urbanas

El presente trabajo de investigación que tiene como título, “MANTENIMIENTO DE PAVIMENTO RÍGIDO Y FLEXIBLE PARA EVITAR UN DESGASTE PREMATURO EN VÍAS URBANAS” tuvo como zona de estudio el cercado del distrito de Villa María del Triunfo, provincia y departamento de Lima, eligiendo dos vías representativas, una colectora que fue la Av. Villa María siendo ésta de pavimento rígido y una local que fue la Av. Santa Rosa siendo ésta de pavimento flexible. Se utilizó un método deductivo teniendo un enfoque cualitativo identificando vehículos y sus características, así como los tipos de mantenimiento en las vías intervenidas. El diseño de la investigación fue observacional además de transversal y retrospectivo. Se identificó inicialmente la cantidad de vehículos que circularon por cada avenida y se halló el Índice Medio Diario Anual con lo cual se tuvo una referencia del tipo y cantidad de carga que soportaba cada vía, luego se ubicaron las fallas con dos métodos: el visual en campo y el de ortofotos con un dron fotogramétrico, se compararon ambos mostrando su fiabilidad Finalmente se sistematiza la información usando el programa ArcGIS Pro ® y se proponen los métodos de mantenimiento preventivos para cada tipo de pavimento después de haberse analizado cual es el más apropiado económicamente

Surface characterization of human serum albumin and sodium perfluorooctanoate mixed solutions by pendant drop tensiometry and circular dichroism

The interfacial behavior of mixed human serum albumin (HSA)/sodium perfluorooctanoate (C8FONa) solutions is examined by using two experimental techniques, pendant drop tensiometry and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Through the analysis of the surface tension of the mixed solutions, surface competitive adsorption at the air-water interface between C8FONa and HSA is detected. The dynamic adsorption curves exhibit the distinct regimes in their time-dependent surface tension. The nature of these regimes is further analyzed in terms of the variation of the molecules surface areas. As a consequence, a compact and dense structure was formed where protein molecules were interconnected and overlapped. Thus, a reduction of the area occupied per molecule from 100 to 0.2 nm2 is interpreted as a gel-like structure at the surface. The presence of the surfactant seems to favor the formation of this interfacial structure. Finally, measurements of circular dichroism suggests a compaction of the protein due to the association with the surfactant given by an increase of α-helix structure in the complexes as compared to that of pure protein.Fil: Messina, Paula Verónica. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Prieto, Gerardo. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Dodero, Veronica Isabel. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Cabrerizo-Vilchez, M.A.. Universidad de Granada. Facultad de Ciencias; EspañaFil: Maldonado Valderrama, J.. Universidad de Granada. Facultad de Ciencias; EspañaFil: Ruso, Juan M.. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Sarmiento, Félix. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Españ

Molecular Analysis of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Gene in Immunoglobulin-E Deficient Patients

[EN]Understanding how class switch recombination (CSR) is regulated to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) has become fundamental because of the dramatic increase in the prevalence of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. CSR requires the induction of the enzyme AICDA in B cells. Mutations in AICDA have been linked to Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2), which shows absence of switching to IgE as well as to IgG and IgA. Although isolated IgE deficiency is a rare entity, here we show some individuals with normal serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels that had undetectable total serum IgE levels. We have analyzed the AICDA gene in these individuals to determine if there are mutations in AICDA that could lead to selective IgE deficiency. Conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and sequencing analysis of AICDA coding sequences demonstrated sequence heterogeneity due to 5923A/G and 7888C/T polymorphisms, but did not reveal any novel mutation that might explain the selective IgE deficit

Tecnologías y enfoques para el aprovechamiento de la energía regenerativa en el transporte ferroviario: Una revisión sistemática

En este capítulo se presenta una revisión sistemática sobre las tecnologías de sistemas de almacenamiento de energía y sobre los enfoques para un mejor aprovechamiento. La revisión se divide en dos vías: tendencias más desarrolladas (horarios de operación de los trenes, almacenamiento de energía y subestaciones reversibles) y los enfoques de investigación sobre el aprovechamiento del frenado regenerativo en los sistemas de transporte ferroviario (sistemas híbridos, algoritmos de optimización y técnicas de control, e integración de la generación distribuida).En este capítulo se presenta una revisión sistemática sobre las tecnologías de sistemas de almacenamiento de energía y sobre los enfoques para un mejor aprovechamiento. La revisión se divide en dos vías: tendencias más desarrolladas (horarios de operación de los trenes, almacenamiento de energía y subestaciones reversibles) y los enfoques de investigación sobre el aprovechamiento del frenado regenerativo en los sistemas de transporte ferroviario (sistemas híbridos, algoritmos de optimización y técnicas de control, e integración de la generación distribuida)

La consulta previa y su influencia en los proyectos de interés nacional estratégico en Colombia

Artículo de investigaciónLa consulta previa es un derecho fundamental que consiste en un mecanismo de participación de las comunidades étnicas e indígenas sobre las medidas administrativas o legislativas que pueden afectar su integridad social, cultural y económica, entre otros. El desarrollo que este mecanismo ha presentado en Colombia, según cifras del Ministerio del Interior (2018) puede calificarse como desmedido. En este sentido, es necesario realizar un análisis acerca del exceso de consultas previas presentadas hoy en día en Colombia. Lo anterior, tiene como finalidad identificar las posibles mejoras que pueden desarrollarse a través de la reglamentación consiente de los procesos de consulta previa, a partir de la identificación real de las afectaciones que puede constituir cada proyecto (PINES). Ponderando el interés general y la necesidad de los proyectos que se encuentran en marcha.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. LA CONSULTA PREVIA COMO DERECHO FUNDAMENTAL 3. FUNDAMENTO CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CONSULTA PREVIA 4. AUTODETERMINACIÓN, CONSENTIMIENTO PREVIO LIBRE E INFORMADO DE LAS COMUNIDADES ÉTNICAS CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS 5. PROYECTOS DE INTERÉS NACIONAL Y ESTRATÉGICOS – PINES 6. LA CONSULTA PREVIA Y LOS PROYECTOS DE INTERÉS NACIONAL Y ESTRATÉGICOS – PINES. 7. LA CONSULTA PREVIA Y LA CONSULTA POPULAR Y SU INFLUENCIA EN EL DESARROLLO DEL PAÍSPregradoAbogad

Mapa Geológico de España E 1:200000, hoja 69, Pozoblanco

Peer reviewe

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.Peer reviewe

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress