Revisión de tema: Biomarcadores neuronales y gliales como estrategia de clasificación cuantitativa de la severidad del trauma craneoencefálico

Se ha puesto de relieve el potencial de la evaluación neurológica temprana inexacta de la severidad en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico, ya que en algunos subgrupos de pacientes, la gravedad de la lesión puede ser sobreestimada y en otros subestimada. La investigación en este campo ha aumentado de forma exponencial en los últimos 20 años, con la mayoría de las publicaciones sobre el tema en los últimos 10 años, evidenciando diferentes resultados, que van desde hallazgos prometedores a otros no concluyentes. Un biomarcador ideal debería poder demostrar una alta sensibilidad y especificidad para la lesión cerebral, entre otros aspectos. En la actualidad no se cuenta con un biomarcador único capaz de predecir el deterioro clínico de los pacientes con alta sensibilidad y especificidad; en lugar de ello, se debe disponer de un panel de marcadores que reflejen diferentes aspectos de la injuria traumática

NOMAD spectrometer on the ExoMars trace gas orbiter mission: part 2—design, manufacturing, and testing of the ultraviolet and visible channel

NOMAD is a spectrometer suite on board the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which launched in March 2016. NOMAD consists of two infrared channels and one ultraviolet and visible channel, allowing the instrument to perform observations quasi-constantly, by taking nadir measurements at the day- and night-side, and during solar occultations. Here, in part 2 of a linked study, we describe the design, manufacturing, and testing of the ultraviolet and visible spectrometer channel called UVIS. We focus upon the optical design and working principle where two telescopes are coupled to a single grating spectrometer using a selector mechanism

El trabajo colaborativo: Una Herramienta para promover y mejorar la interacción pedagógica entre directivo y docente

134 páginasLa presente investigación pretendió analizar la incidencia del trabajo colaborativo en la interacción pedagógica entre directivos y docentes en el Colegio las Américas IED, con el fin realizar un diagnóstico cuyo objetivo fue caracterizar la forma en que directivos y docentes establecen sus interacciones, e identificar las falencias y afectaciones que dificultan la colaboración en el ámbito pedagógico de su trabajo. Además de establecer cuáles son los aspectos que pueden generar motivación para el fortalecimiento de la interacción en directivos y docentes, a través de la propuesta de trabajo colaborativo y finalmente, diseñar una propuesta que promueva el trabajo colaborativo entre directivos docentes y docentes. El estudio tiene un enfoque cualitativo descriptivo, en tanto que, pretende captar la percepción de la realidad del contexto escolar, principalmente de las relaciones interpersonales entre docentes y directivos de la institución Colegio Las Américas IED. Para poder llegar a una conclusión firme y confiable sobre el tema del trabajo colaborativo y su incidencia en los espacios institucionales educativos y su relación con la interacción entre docentes y directivos docentes, es necesario tener en cuenta las experiencias y puntos de vista de los participantes, sus comportamientos, sus opiniones y los significados que le dan a sus experiencias. Por otra parte, la investigación demostró los beneficios de trabajar juntos y abrió la puerta a propuestas específicas de colaboración. Estas estrategias tienen como objetivo mejorar la interacción entre los educadores y fomentar el trabajo en equipo en todos los niveles, así mismo, se proporcionó una visión detallada de las prácticas existentes para las cuales se sugiere utilizar siempre que sea posible el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales.Especialización en Gerencia EducativaEspecialista en Gerencia Educativ

Quantifying the impact of mergers on the angular momentum of simulated galaxies.

We use EAGLE to quantify the effect galaxy mergers have on the stellar specific angular momentum of galaxies, jstars. We split mergers into dry (gas-poor)/wet (gas-rich), major/minor and different spin alignments and orbital parameters. Wet (dry) mergers have an average neutral gas-to-stellar mass ratio of 1.1 (0.02), while major (minor) mergers are those with stellar mass ratios ≥0.3 (0.1–0.3). We correlate the positions of galaxies in the jstars–stellar mass plane at z = 0 with their merger history, and find that galaxies of low spins suffered dry mergers, while galaxies of normal/high spins suffered predominantly wet mergers, if any. The radial jstars profiles of galaxies that went through dry mergers are deficient by ≈0.3 dex at r ≲ 10 r50 (with r50 being the half-stellar mass radius), compared to galaxies that went through wet mergers. Studying the merger remnants reveals that dry mergers reduce jstars by ≈30 per cent, while wet mergers increase it by ≈10 per cent, on average. The latter is connected to the build-up of the bulge by newly formed stars of high rotational speed. Moving from minor to major mergers accentuates these effects. When the spin vectors of the galaxies prior to the dry merger are misaligned, jstars decreases by a greater magnitude, while in wet mergers corotation and high orbital angular momentum efficiently spun-up galaxies. We predict what would be the observational signatures in the jstars profiles driven by dry mergers: (i) shallow radial profiles and (ii) profiles that rise beyond ≈10 r50, both of which are significantly different from spiral galaxies

Neurodegenerative Diseases and Autophagy

Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of aggregated proteins within neurons. These aggregate-prone proteins cause toxicity, a phenomenon that is further exacerbated when there is defective protein clearance. Autophagy is an intracellular clearance pathway that can clear these protein aggregates and has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in a variety of model systems. Here, we introduce the key components of the autophagy machinery and signaling pathways that control this process and discuss the evidence that autophagic flux may be impaired and therefore a contributing factor in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Finally, we review the use of autophagy upregulation as a therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative disorders

Effectiveness of a strategy that uses educational games to implement clinical practice guidelines among Spanish residents of family and community medicine (e-EDUCAGUIA project):A clinical trial by clusters

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias FIS Grant Number PI11/0477 ISCIII.-REDISSEC Proyecto RD12/0001/0012 AND FEDER Funding.Background: Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been developed with the aim of helping health professionals, patients, and caregivers make decisions about their health care, using the best available evidence. In many cases, incorporation of these recommendations into clinical practice also implies a need for changes in routine clinical practice. Using educational games as a strategy for implementing recommendations among health professionals has been demonstrated to be effective in some studies; however, evidence is still scarce. The primary objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a teaching strategy for the implementation of CPGs using educational games (e-learning EDUCAGUIA) to improve knowledge and skills related to clinical decision-making by residents in family medicine. The primary objective will be evaluated at 1 and 6months after the intervention. The secondary objectives are to identify barriers and facilitators for the use of guidelines by residents of family medicine and to describe the educational strategies used by Spanish teaching units of family and community medicine to encourage implementation of CPGs. Methods/design: We propose a multicenter clinical trial with randomized allocation by clusters of family and community medicine teaching units in Spain. The sample size will be 394 residents (197 in each group), with the teaching units as the randomization unit and the residents comprising the analysis unit. For the intervention, both groups will receive an initial 1-h session on clinical practice guideline use and the usual dissemination strategy by e-mail. The intervention group (e-learning EDUCAGUIA) strategy will consist of educational games with hypothetical clinical scenarios in a virtual environment. The primary outcome will be the score obtained by the residents on evaluation questionnaires for each clinical practice guideline. Other included variables will be the sociodemographic and training variables of the residents and the teaching unit characteristics. The statistical analysis will consist of a descriptive analysis of variables and a baseline comparison of both groups. For the primary outcome analysis, an average score comparison of hypothetical scenario questionnaires between the EDUCAGUIA intervention group and the control group will be performed at 1 and 6months post-intervention, using 95% confidence intervals. A linear multilevel regression will be used to adjust the model. Discussion: The identification of effective teaching strategies will facilitate the incorporation of available knowledge into clinical practice that could eventually improve patient outcomes. The inclusion of information technologies as teaching tools permits greater learning autonomy and allows deeper instructor participation in the monitoring and supervision of residents. The long-term impact of this strategy is unknown; however, because it is aimed at professionals undergoing training and it addresses prevalent health problems, a small effect can be of great relevance. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02210442.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Evidence of lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) at Salamanca Gulf, Colombian Caribbean

El tiburón limón es una especie confirmada en la plataforma continental del Caribe colombiano; sin embargo, solo se ha registrado en una ocasión en la bahía de Neguanje, departamento del Magdalena. Se presenta la primera evidencia de Negaprion brevirostris (Carcharhinidae) en el golfo de Salamanca, a partir de un espécimen capturado con red de enmalle de monofilamento, por pescadores artesanales del área a la altura del kilómetro 40 de la vía Ciénaga-Barranquilla. El individuo era un macho inmaduro de 144 cm de longitud totalThe lemon shark is a confirmed species on the continental shelf of the Colombian Caribbean; however, it has only been recorded once in Neguanje bay, department of Magdalena. In this short communication, the first record of Negaprion brevirostris for the Golfo de Salamanca is presented, from a specimen captured at kilometer 40 of the Ciénaga-Barranquilla highway. The individual was an immature male 144 cm in total lengt

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Colonoscopy Detection of Advanced Neoplasias. A Randomized Trial.

Background: The role of computer-aided detection in identifying advanced colorectal neoplasia is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the contribution of computer-aided detection to colonoscopic detection of advanced colorectal neoplasias as well as adenomas, serrated polyps, and nonpolypoid and right-sided lesions. Design: Multicenter, parallel, randomized controlled trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04673136) Setting: Spanish colorectal cancer screening program. Participants: 3213 persons with a positive fecal immunochemical test. Intervention: Enrollees were randomly assigned to colonoscopy with or without computer-aided detection. Measurements: Advanced colorectal neoplasia was defined as advanced adenoma and/or advanced serrated polyp. Results: The 2 comparison groups showed no significant difference in advanced colorectal neoplasia detection rate (34.8% with intervention vs. 34.6% for controls; adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.01 [95% CI, 0.92 to 1.10]) or the mean number of advanced colorectal neoplasias detected per colonoscopy (0.54 [SD, 0.95] with intervention vs. 0.52 [SD, 0.95] for controls; adjusted rate ratio, 1.04 [99.9% CI, 0.88 to 1.22]). Adenoma detection rate also did not differ (64.2% with intervention vs. 62.0% for controls; aRR, 1.06 [99.9% CI, 0.91 to 1.23]). Computer-aided detection increased the mean number of nonpolypoid lesions (0.56 [SD, 1.25] vs. 0.47 [SD, 1.18] for controls; adjusted rate ratio, 1.19 [99.9% CI, 1.01 to 1.41]), proximal adenomas (0.94 [SD, 1.62] vs. 0.81 [SD, 1.52] for controls; adjusted rate ratio, 1.17 [99.9% CI, 1.03 to 1.33]), and lesions of 5 mm or smaller (polyps in general and adenomas and serrated lesions in particular) detected per colonoscopy. Limitations: The high adenoma detection rate in the control group may limit the generalizability of the findings to endoscopists with low detection rates. Conclusion: Computer-aided detection did not improve colonoscopic identification of advanced colorectal neoplasias. Primary Funding Source: Medtronic