Miocene Wilkinsonia fruits (Hicksbeachiinae, Proteaceae) from the base of the Yallourn Formation, Latrobe Valley, Victoria

Wilkinsonia bilaminata F. Muell., 1879 is recorded from interseam clays at the base of the Yallourn Formation, Latrobe Valley, Victoria. The genus was widely distributed throughout eastern Australia during the Oligo-Miocene. The palynological record for both Yallourn and the type locality has not suggested that either Athertonia, the most closely related extant taxon, or the subtribe Hicksbeachiinae were present in these localities. There are two inferences from these results; the suggested affinities of some of the pollen taxa may be in error, or the pollen of the Wilkinsonia plant may be under-represented in these sites and has been overlooked

Message in a bottle : a tale of two Triassic temnospondyl (labyrinthodont) femora from Tasmania

In 1997 the senior author, while exploring the antique shops of Hobart, found in Suffolk Park Antiques an intriguing small, nineteenth-century, clear glass bottle. Labelled as "message in a bottle", it did indeed contain a note on a slip, cut from a visiting card, together with a wafer-thin, sub-triangular piece of dark, porous material (pl. 1). The handwritten note read "section shaft humerus labryinthodont, sandstone quarry, Hobart, 1856, Tas Museum".A further annotation, written at right angles to the preceding note, appears to read "Pro R.S.T 1898-9". Pro R.S.T. is an abbreviated reference to the Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1898-99. This issue of the journal included a short note by WH. Twelvetrees and WF. Petterd describing and illustrating two labyrinthodont bones from Tasmania lodged in the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG) collection. Here we trace the history of the two temnospondyl (labyrinthodont) bones, review the significance of these specimens and propose an explanation as to how part of one specimen came to be in the Suffolk Park Antiques sho

The species of Sphaerolobium (Fabaceae) in Tasmania

Two species of the globe pea Sphaerolobium occur in Tasmania: Sphaerolobium minus Labill. and S. vimineum Sm. Information on their morphology, distribution and conservation status in the state is discussed based primarily upon Tasmanian Herbarium (HO) records. The leaf morphology of both species is described

Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) endocarps from the Oligo-Miocene of Eastern Australia

Elaeocarpus peterii.sn nov. is described from the Oligo-Miocene Glencoe locality in central Queensland. This species has prominent stellate ridges and fine punctate ornamentation. These features support a close relationship to extant E. steffaris L.S. Smith fronl northeastern Queenlsland.Elaeocarpus clarkei(F. Muell). Selling is redescribed. The punctate ornamentation and large oval endocarps of E. clarkei (F. Meull) are closely comparable to extant E. bancroftii F. Muell. & F.M. Bail. and E. linsmithii G.P. Guymer from north eastern Queensland. Elaeocarpus clarkei is a common element in many oligo-Miocene deep leads in southeastern Australia. The age of some of the deep leads (buried placer deposits) in Victoria, e.g. Haddon and Foster, is discussed; the limited data available suggests a minimum mid-Miocene age for these localities

An Australian origin for the candle nut (Aleurites, Crotonoideae, Euphorbiaceae) and the fossil record of the Euphorbiaceae and related families in Australia and New Zealand

A fossil seed from south east Queensland referable to the extant genus Aleurites (candlenut) is described as a new species, A. australis, and is one of the few macrofossil records of Euphorbiaceae from Australia. The new fossil data and phylogenetic studies of the biogeographical relationships of Aleurites based upon analysis of rbcL and trnL-F sequence data support a Gondwanic origin for the clade. The macrofossil record of Euphorbiaceae in Australia is restricted to seeds of Aleurites; and fruits of Fontainocarpa which are thought to have affinities with Fontainea, and both extant genera are referable to the Crotonoideae. One group of crotonoids has inaperturate spheroidal pollen, that is comparable to the dispersed pollen genus, Crotonipollis, which has an Oligocene to Recent range in Australia. The fossil pollen record in Australia and New Zealand of other Euphorbiaceae and related families includes species of Malvacipollis that have affinities to the Picrodendraceae; Nyssapollenites endobalteus (McIntyre) Kemp and Harris has affinities with the subfamily Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae); and putative records of Homalanthus suggest affinities with the subfamily Euphorbioideae (Euphorbiaceae). Fossil fruits of Glochidion provide possible evidence of the Phyllanthaceae. The stratigraphic range of these taxa in respect to the Weddellian Biostratigraphic Province, which includes southern South America, western Antarctica, New Zealand, and eastern Australia is also briefly reviewed

Oldest Known Eucalyptus Macrofossils Are from South America

The evolutionary history of Eucalyptus and the eucalypts, the larger clade of seven genera including Eucalyptus that today have a natural distribution almost exclusively in Australasia, is poorly documented from the fossil record. Little physical evidence exists bearing on the ancient geographical distributions or morphologies of plants within the clade. Herein, we introduce fossil material of Eucalyptus from the early Eocene (ca. 51.9 Ma) Laguna del Hunco paleoflora of Chubut Province, Argentina; specimens include multiple leaves, infructescences, and dispersed capsules, several flower buds, and a single flower. Morphological similarities that relate the fossils to extant eucalypts include leaf shape, venation, and epidermal oil glands; infructescence structure; valvate capsulate fruits; and operculate flower buds. The presence of a staminophore scar on the fruits links them to Eucalyptus, and the presence of a transverse scar on the flower buds indicates a relationship to Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological data alone and combined with aligned sequence data from a prior study including 16 extant eucalypts, one outgroup, and a terminal representing the fossils indicate that the fossils are nested within Eucalyptus. These are the only illustrated Eucalyptus fossils that are definitively Eocene in age, and the only conclusively identified extant or fossil eucalypts naturally occurring outside of Australasia and adjacent Mindanao. Thus, these fossils indicate that the evolution of the eucalypt group is not constrained to a single region. Moreover, they strengthen the taxonomic connections between the Laguna del Hunco paleoflora and extant subtropical and tropical Australasia, one of the three major ecologic-geographic elements of the Laguna del Hunco paleoflora. The age and affinities of the fossils also indicate that Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus is older than previously supposed. Paleoecological data indicate that the Patagonian Eucalyptus dominated volcanically disturbed areas adjacent to standing rainforest surrounding an Eocene caldera lake

Vicariance and dispersal in southern hemisphere freshwater fish clades: a palaeontological perspective

Widespread fish clades that occur mainly or exclusively in fresh water represent a key target of biogeographical investigation due to limited potential for crossing marine barriers. Timescales for the origin and diversification of these groups are crucial tests of vicariant scenarios in which continental break‐ups shaped modern geographic distributions. Evolutionary chronologies are commonly estimated through node‐based palaeontological calibration of molecular phylogenies, but this approach ignores most of the temporal information encoded in the known fossil record of a given taxon. Here, we review the fossil record of freshwater fish clades with a distribution encompassing disjunct landmasses in the southern hemisphere. Palaeontologically derived temporal and geographic data were used to infer the plausible biogeographic processes that shaped the distribution of these clades. For seven extant clades with a relatively well‐known fossil record, we used the stratigraphic distribution of their fossils to estimate confidence intervals on their times of origin. To do this, we employed a Bayesian framework that considers non‐uniform preservation potential of freshwater fish fossils through time, as well as uncertainty in the absolute age of fossil horizons. We provide the following estimates for the origin times of these clades: Lepidosireniformes [125–95 million years ago (Ma)]; total‐group Osteoglossomorpha (207–167 Ma); Characiformes (120–95 Ma; a younger estimate of 97–75 Ma when controversial Cenomanian fossils are excluded); Galaxiidae (235–21 Ma); Cyprinodontiformes (80–67 Ma); Channidae (79–43 Ma); Percichthyidae (127–69 Ma). These dates are mostly congruent with published molecular timetree estimates, despite the use of semi‐independent data. Our reassessment of the biogeographic history of southern hemisphere freshwater fishes shows that long‐distance dispersals and regional extinctions can confound and erode pre‐existing vicariance‐driven patterns. It is probable that disjunct distributions in many extant groups result from complex biogeographic processes that took place during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Although long‐distance dispersals likely shaped the distributions of several freshwater fish clades, their exact mechanisms and their impact on broader macroevolutionary and ecological dynamics are still unclear and require further investigation.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148368/1/brv12473_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148368/2/brv12473.pd