Emergent Ruralities: the role of tourist and heritage valorization in province of Buenos Aires countryside (Argentina)

En el marco de las transformaciones que se registran en las áreas rurales de América Latina, este artículo se propone examinar los procesos de valorización turístico patrimonial de las áreas rurales tomando en consideración a la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Los resultados presentados, sintetizados y discutidos en este artículo, forman parte de investigaciones en curso que se vienen realizando desde el 2012, que incluyeron trabajo de campo en diversos municipios, entrevistas estructuradas, observación con y sin participación y análisis de una serie de materiales audiovisuales y documentales en relación a los procesos de desarrollo turístico y patrimonial. Nuestras investigaciones nos llevan a concluir que, a partir de la participación de una serie de actores y la implementación de un conjunto de políticas públicas destinadas al desarrollo local, la valorización turístico y patrimonial del campo movilizan narrativas y representaciones sobre lo rural asociadas a diversas nociones de naturaleza, además de reproducir otras vinculadas con lo agrario y la vida rural. Estas nuevas dinámicas de las áreas rurales nos permiten (re)discutir las relaciones entre lo rural/agrario como también las dicotomías rural/urbano.No quadro das transformações profundas que registraram-se nas áreas rurais da América Latina, este artigo propõe-se a examinar alguns dos processos que mais contribuem para explicar as mutações materiais e simbólicas observadas desde princípios do século XXI até a atualidade. Nesta oportunidade, abordaremos os processos de valorização turístico patrimonial das áreas rurais tomando em consideração a província de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Os resultados apresentados, e aqui sintetizados e discutidos, formam parte de pesquisas ainda em andamento, desde o 2012, as quais incluíram trabalho de campo em diversos municípios. A partir de nossas investigações, concluímos desde a participação de atores e a implementação de um conjunto de políticas públicas destinadas ao desenvolvimento local, os processos de valorização turístico patrimonial movimentam narrativas e representações sobre o rural associadas a diversas ideias de natureza, mas também reproduzem outras vinculadas com o agrário, e a vida rural. Estas novas dinâmicas das áreas rurais nos permitem discutir as relações entre o rural e o agrário como também as dicotomias entre o rural e o urbano.In the framework of the deep transformations that are registered in rural areas of Latin America, this article aims to examine the processes of heritage and tourism valorization of rural areas taking into consideration the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The results presented, synthesized, and discussed in this article are part of ongoing investigations that have been carried out from 2012 onwards that included field work in various municipalities, structured interviews, observation with and without participation and analysis of a series of audiovisual and documentary materials in relation to tourism and heritage development processes. Our research leads us to conclude that, based on the participation of a series of actors and the implementation of a set of public policies aimed at local development, tourism and heritage valorization processes mobilize narratives and representations about rural areas associated with various notions of nature as well as the reproduction of other linked to agrarian and rural life. These new dynamics of rural areas allow us to (re)discuss the relations between the rural/agrarian as well as the rural/urban dichotomies.Fil: Rodriguez, Gabriela Fernanda. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Perez Winter, Cecilia Verena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Emergent Ruralities: the role of tourist and heritage valorization in province of Buenos Aires countryside (Argentina)

En el marco de las transformaciones que se registran en las áreas rurales de América Latina, este artículo se propone examinar los procesos de valorización turístico patrimonial de las áreas rurales tomando en consideración a la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Los resultados presentados, sintetizados y discutidos en este artículo, forman parte de investigaciones en curso que se vienen realizando desde el 2012, que incluyeron trabajo de campo en diversos municipios, entrevistas estructuradas, observación con y sin participación y análisis de una serie de materiales audiovisuales y documentales en relación a los procesos de desarrollo turístico y patrimonial. Nuestras investigaciones nos llevan a concluir que, a partir de la participación de una serie de actores y la implementación de un conjunto de políticas públicas destinadas al desarrollo local, la valorización turístico y patrimonial del campo movilizan narrativas y representaciones sobre lo rural asociadas a diversas nociones de naturaleza, además de reproducir otras vinculadas con lo agrario y la vida rural. Estas nuevas dinámicas de las áreas rurales nos permiten (re)discutir las relaciones entre lo rural/agrario como también las dicotomías rural/urbano.No quadro das transformações profundas que registraram-se nas áreas rurais da América Latina, este artigo propõe-se a examinar alguns dos processos que mais contribuem para explicar as mutações materiais e simbólicas observadas desde princípios do século XXI até a atualidade. Nesta oportunidade, abordaremos os processos de valorização turístico patrimonial das áreas rurais tomando em consideração a província de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Os resultados apresentados, e aqui sintetizados e discutidos, formam parte de pesquisas ainda em andamento, desde o 2012, as quais incluíram trabalho de campo em diversos municípios. A partir de nossas investigações, concluímos desde a participação de atores e a implementação de um conjunto de políticas públicas destinadas ao desenvolvimento local, os processos de valorização turístico patrimonial movimentam narrativas e representações sobre o rural associadas a diversas ideias de natureza, mas também reproduzem outras vinculadas com o agrário, e a vida rural. Estas novas dinâmicas das áreas rurais nos permitem discutir as relações entre o rural e o agrário como também as dicotomias entre o rural e o urbano.In the framework of the deep transformations that are registered in rural areas of Latin America, this article aims to examine the processes of heritage and tourism valorization of rural areas taking into consideration the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The results presented, synthesized, and discussed in this article are part of ongoing investigations that have been carried out from 2012 onwards that included field work in various municipalities, structured interviews, observation with and without participation and analysis of a series of audiovisual and documentary materials in relation to tourism and heritage development processes. Our research leads us to conclude that, based on the participation of a series of actors and the implementation of a set of public policies aimed at local development, tourism and heritage valorization processes mobilize narratives and representations about rural areas associated with various notions of nature as well as the reproduction of other linked to agrarian and rural life. These new dynamics of rural areas allow us to (re)discuss the relations between the rural/agrarian as well as the rural/urban dichotomies.Fil: Rodriguez, Gabriela Fernanda. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Perez Winter, Cecilia Verena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Reflection in Seyfert Galaxies and the Unified Model of AGN

We present a deep study of the average hard X-ray spectra of Seyfert galaxies. We analyzed all public INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI data available on all the 165 Seyfert galaxies detected at z<0.2. Our final sample consists of 44 Seyfert 1's, 29 Seyfert 1.5's, 78 Seyfert 2's, and 14 Narrow Line Seyfert 1's. We derived the average hard X-ray spectrum of each subsample in the 17-250keV energy range. All classes of Seyfert galaxies show on average the same nuclear continuum, as foreseen by the zeroth order unified model, with a cut-off energy of Ec>200keV, and a photon index of Gamma ~1.8. Compton-thin Seyfert 2's show a reflection component stronger than Seyfert 1's and Seyfert 1.5's. Most of this reflection is due to mildly obscured (10^23 cm^-2 < NH < 10^24 cm^-2) Seyfert 2's, which have a significantly stronger reflection component (R=2.2^{+4.5}_{-1.1}) than Seyfert 1's (R<=0.4), Seyfert 1.5's (R<= 0.4) and lightly obscured (NH < 10^23 cm^-2) Seyfert 2's (R<=0.5). This cannot be explained easily by the unified model. The absorber/reflector in mildly obscured Seyfert 2's might cover a large fraction of the X-ray source, and have clumps of Compton-thick material. The large reflection found in the spectrum of mildly obscured Seyfert 2's reduces the amount of Compton-thick objects needed to explain the peak of the cosmic X-ray background. Our results are consistent with the fraction of Compton-thick sources being ~10%. The spectra of Seyfert 2's with and without polarized broad lines do not show significant differences, the only difference between the two samples being the higher hard X-ray and bolometric luminosity of Seyfert 2's with polarized broad lines. The average hard X-ray spectrum of Narrow line Seyfert 1's is steeper than those of Seyfert 1's and Seyfert 1.5's, probably due to a lower energy of the cutoff.Comment: 19 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, final versio

The INTEGRAL/IBIS AGN catalogue I: X-ray absorption properties versus optical classification

In this work we present the most comprehensive INTEGRAL AGN sample which lists 272 objects. Here we mainly use this sample to study the absorption properties of active galaxies, to probe new AGN classes and to test the AGN unification scheme. We find that half (48%) of the sample is absorbed while the fraction of Compton thick AGN is small (~7%). In line with our previous analysis, we have however shown that when the bias towards heavily absorbed objects which are lost if weak and at large distance is removed, as it is possible in the local Universe, the above fractions increase to become 80% and 17%. We also find that absorption is a function of source luminosity, which implies some evolution in the obscuration properties of AGN. Few peculiar classes, so far poorly studied in the hard X-ray band, have been detected and studied for the first time such as 5 XBONG, 5 type 2 QSOs and 11 LINERs. In terms of optical classification, our sample contains 57% of type 1 and 43% of type 2 AGN; this subdivision is similar to that found in X-rays if unabsorbed versus absorbed objects are considered, suggesting that the match between optical and X-ray classification is overall good. Only a small percentage of sources (12%) does not fulfill the expectation of the unified theory as we find 22 type 1 AGN which are absorbed and 10 type 2 AGN which are unabsorbed. Studying in depth these outliers we found that most of the absorbed type 1 AGN have X-ray spectra characterized by either complex or warm/ionized absorption more likely due to ionized gas located in an accretion disk wind or in the biconical structure associated to the central nucleus, therefore unrelated to the toroidal structure. Among 10 type 2 AGN which resulted to be unabsorbed, at most 3-4% is still eligible to be classified as a "true" type 2 AGN.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication on MNRAS. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0709.2077 by other author

Hard X-ray spectral variability of the brightest Seyfert AGN in the Swift/BAT sample

Aims: We used data from the 58 month long, continuous Swift/Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) observations of the five brightest Seyfert galaxies at hard X-rays, to study their flux and spectral variability in the 20-100 keV energy band. The column density in these objects is less than 10^24 cm-2, which implies that the Swift/BAT data allow us to study the "true" variability of the central source. Results: All objects show significant variations, with an amplitude which is similar to the AGN variability amplitude at energies below 10 keV. We found evidence for an anti-correlation between variability amplitude and black hole mass. The light curves in both bands are well correlated, with no significant delays on time scales as short as 2 days. NGC 4151 and NGC 2110 do not show spectral variability, but we found a significant anti-correlation between hardness ratios and source flux in NGC 4388 (and NGC 4945, IC 4329, to a lesser extent). This "softer when brighter" behaviour is similar to what has been observed at energies below 10 keV, and cannot be explained if the continuum varies only in flux; the intrinsic shape should also steepen with increasing flux. Conclusions: The presence of significant flux variations indicate that the central source in these objects is intrinsically variable on time scales as short as 1-2 days. The intrinsic slope of the continuum varies with the flux (at least in NGC 4388). The positive "spectral slope-flux" correlation can be explained if the temperature of the hot corona decreases with increasing flux. The lack of spectral variations in two objects, could be due to the fact that they may operate in a different "state", as their accretion rate is less than 1% of the Eddington limit (significantly smaller than the rate of the other three objects in the sample).Comment: Accepted (29/10/11) for publication in A&A (12 pages, containing 14 figures and 2 tables). (Abstract shortened --see link for the complete one

Programming errors in traversal programs over structured data

Traversal strategies \'a la Stratego (also \'a la Strafunski and 'Scrap Your Boilerplate') provide an exceptionally versatile and uniform means of querying and transforming deeply nested and heterogeneously structured data including terms in functional programming and rewriting, objects in OO programming, and XML documents in XML programming. However, the resulting traversal programs are prone to programming errors. We are specifically concerned with errors that go beyond conservative type errors; examples we examine include divergent traversals, prematurely terminated traversals, and traversals with dead code. Based on an inventory of possible programming errors we explore options of static typing and static analysis so that some categories of errors can be avoided. This exploration generates suggestions for improvements to strategy libraries as well as their underlying programming languages. Haskell is used for illustrations and specifications with sufficient explanations to make the presentation comprehensible to the non-specialist. The overall ideas are language-agnostic and they are summarized accordingly

INTEGRAL/IBIS 7-year All-Sky Hard X-Ray Survey. Part II: Catalog of Sources

This paper is the second in a series devoted to the hard X-ray (17-60 keV) whole sky survey performed by the INTEGRAL observatory over seven years. Here we present a catalog of detected sources which includes 521 objects, 449 of which exceed a 5 sigma detection threshold on the time-averaged map of the sky, and 53 were detected in various subsamples of exposures. Among the identified sources with known and suspected nature, 262 are Galactic (101 low-mass X-ray binaries, 95 high-mass X-ray binaries, 36 cataclysmic variables, and 30 of other types) and 219 are extragalactic, including 214 active galactic nuclei (AGNs), 4 galaxy clusters, and galaxy ESO 389-G 002. The extragalactic (|b|>5 deg) and Galactic (|b|<5 deg) persistently detected source samples are of high identification completeness (respectively ~96% and ~94%) and valuable for population studies.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Complex polarity: building multicellular tissues through apical membrane traffic

The formation of distinct subdomains of the cell surface is crucial for multicellular organism development. The most striking example of this is apical-basal polarization. What is much less appreciated is that underpinning an asymmetric cell surface is an equally dramatic intracellular endosome rearrangement. Here, we review the interplay between classical cell polarity proteins and membrane trafficking pathways, and discuss how this marriage gives rise to cell polarization. We focus on those mechanisms that regulate apical polarization, as this is providing a number of insights into how membrane traffic and polarity are regulated at the tissue level

Social motives vs social influence: an experiment on interdependent time preferences

We report experimental evidence on the effects of social preferences on intertemporal decisions. To this aim, we design an intertemporal Dictator Game to test whether Dictators modify their discounting behavior when their own decision is imposed on their matched Recipients. We run four different treatments to identify the effect of payoffs externalities from those related to information and beliefs. Our descriptive statistics show that heterogeneous social time preferences and information about others’ time preferences are significant determinants of choices: Dictators display a marked propensity to account for the intertemporal preferences of Recipients, both in the presence of externalities (social motives) and/or when they know about the decisions of their matched partners (social influence). We also perform a structural estimation exercise to control for heterogeneity in risk attitudes. As for individual behavior, our estimates confirm previous studies in that high risk aversion is associated with low discounting. As for social behavior, we find that social motives outweigh social influence, especially when we restrict our sample to pairs of Dictators and Recipients who satisfy minimal consistency conditions

Sensory System for Implementing a Human—Computer Interface Based on Electrooculography

This paper describes a sensory system for implementing a human–computer interface based on electrooculography. An acquisition system captures electrooculograms and transmits them via the ZigBee protocol. The data acquired are analysed in real time using a microcontroller-based platform running the Linux operating system. The continuous wavelet transform and neural network are used to process and analyse the signals to obtain highly reliable results in real time. To enhance system usability, the graphical interface is projected onto special eyewear, which is also used to position the signal-capturing electrodes