Homicidios en Colombia: un análisis comparativo entre sexos en el tiempo

Los homicidios son considerados como actos de agresión extrema y en el transcurso de la historia de la humanidad uno de los sexos se ha involucrado en gran medida en este tipo de comportamiento. En Colombia, se han hecho varios esfuerzos para analizar en el tiempo los homicidios en distintas ciudades. Sin embargo, aún falta mostrar un análisis a nivel de país y analizar este comportamiento diferenciado entre los sexos. En este sentido, este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar modelos SARIMA con los datos sobre homicidios en Colombia de enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2021. Además, se realizaron comparaciones y predicciones con base en el sexo de las víctimas de homicidio y se calcularon las diferencias absolutas medias del error entre los datos predichos y los datos reales.Homicides are considered acts of extreme aggression, and in human history one of the sexes has been involved in higher rates of this kind of behaviour. In Colombia, various efforts have been made to analyse in the time the homicides in different cities. However, there is a missing analysis at a country level and analyse of this behaviour differentiated by sex. For this reason, this study aimed to perform SARIMA models with Colombian homicides data between January 2012 to December 2021. Besides, I made comparisons and predictions based on victims’ sex and I calculated the mean absolute difference error of the predicted and actual data

In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., "If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others") or potential gains (e.g., "If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others")? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Diferencias de sexo

Se explica las diferencias de sexo en cuanto al cerebro y el comportamiento.It explains the differences in sex in terms of the brain and behavior.Se explica las diferencias de sexo en cuanto al cerebro y el comportamiento.Introducción: dimorfismo sexual - Diferencias cerebrales - ¿Qué hace que sean tan diferentes? - Celos sexuales1.0PsicologoPregrad

Trayectoria de la Psicología Social

Se detallan algunos aspectos clave en la trayectoria de la psicología social como especialidad psicológica.Se presentan algunos aspectos claves en la trayectoria de la psicología social.Introducción - Trayectoria - Actividad de aprendizaje1.0Some key aspects in the trajectory of social psychology are presented

Efecto espectador

Se explica el porqué las personas cuando estamos en grupo tendemos a no ayudar a alguien cuando lo necesita. A esto se le conoce desde la psicología social como efecto espectador.Se explica el porqué las personas cuando estamos en grupo tendemos a no ayudar a alguien cuando lo necesita. A esto se le conoce desde la psicología social como efecto espectador.Introducción - Efecto espectador - Mejorar la probabilidad de ayuda1.0It explains why people when we are in a group tend not to help someone when they need it. This is known from social psychology as bystander effect

Procesos grupales

Este recurso explica dos fenómenos sociales ampliamente conocidos como holgazaneria social y facilitación social.Este recurso explica dos fenómenos sociales ampliamente conocidos como holgazaneria social y facilitación social.Procesos grupales - Facilitación social y pereza social - Referencia1.0This resource explains two social phenomena widely known as social loafing and social facilitation

La simetría facial y la relación cintura-cadera como estímulos incondicionados en un condicionamiento clásico de actitudes

We evaluated the effect of two stimulus biologically relevant, Facial Symmetry (FS) and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), as unconditional stimulus on a Classical Conditioning of Attitudes procedure. The stimulus, initially neutral and after conditioned, were logos of inexistent brands on the market and the attitudes were evaluated through explicit and implicit measures. Our sample consisted of 71 university students (33 men and 38 women), 21 years old on average. Our results showed that FS and WHR were equally effective to forming attitudes, the logos of brands that were associated with the optimums values of the stimulus had the best scores after the conditioning procedure, in both the implicit and explicit measures (through T Tests, all p. values 0,80), we did not find differences between sexes and we did not find significant differences between the procedures that used SF or WHR. Finally, we suggest to continue...Se evaluó el efecto de dos estímulos biológicamente significativos, la Simetría Facial (SF) y la Relación Cintura-Cadera (RCC), como estímulos incondicionados en un Condicionamiento Clásico de Actitudes. Los estímulos, inicialmente neutros y luego condicionados fueron marcas inexistentes en el mercado y las actitudes fueron evaluadas mediante medidas explícitas e implícitas. Participaron 71 estudiantes universitarios (33 hombres y 38 mujeres) con una edad promedio de 21,25 años. Los resultados muestran que tanto la SF como la RCC fueron estímulos incondicionados efectivos dado que, las marcas asociadas con los valores óptimos obtuvieron mejores valoraciones después del condicionamiento, tanto en las medidas explícitas como en las implícitas (mediante las Pruebas T, todos los p. valores 0,80). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la SF y la RCC como estímulos incondicionados. Finalmente, se sugiere continuar explorando las diferencias entre la SF y la RCC en la formación...Magíster en PsicologíaMaestrí

Actitudes

En este recurso se explica qué son las actitudes, cómo se miden y qué relación tienen con el comportamiento.This resource explains what attitudes are, how they are measured and how they relate to behavior.En este recurso de explican qué son las actitudes, cómo se miden y qué relación tienen con el comportamiento.Introducción a las actitudes - Formación de actitudes - Medición de las actitudes - Referencias1.0PsicologoPregrad