Die Klassifizierung von Schulen als Mittel der Schulsteuerung und lokalen Profilbildung. Begleitumstände, nachkriegszeitliche Anpassungsprobleme und aktuelle Folgen der Klassifizierung des berufsbildenden Schulwesens seit den dreißiger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts

Die Unterscheidung zwischen Berufsschulen, Berufsfachschulen und Fachschulen geht auf einen Erlass des Reichsministeriums für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung von 1937 zurück. Der Erlass, seine Genese und seine langfristigen strukturellen Auswirkungen auf die Benennung der beruflichen Schulen werden unter Zugrundelegung von Dokumenten aus dem DFG-Forschungsprojekt "Datenhandbuch zur deutschen Bildungsgeschichte: Band V: Das Berufsbildende Schulsystem in Deutschland 1815-1945" untersucht und in einen größeren Entwicklungszusammenhang eingeordnet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dem Verhältnis zwischen der in den 1930er-Jahren entstandenen Klassifikation, dem Funktionszuwachs der beruflichen Schulen und ihrer Verflechtung mit dem Abschluss- und Berechtigungssystem der allgemeinbildenden Schulen. (DIPF/Orig.)The differentiation between vocational schools, training colleges, and technical colleges goes back to an edict decreed by the German ministry for science, schooling, and national education in 1937. This edict, its origins and its long-term impact on the designation of vocational schools are examined and placed within a broader framework of development on the basis of documents provided by a research project sponsored by the German Research Association (DFG), i.e. the "Data Handbook on the History of German Education: Vol. V: The German Vocational School System, 1815-1945". Special emphasis is placed upon the relation between the classification which evolved during the 1930s, the increase in functions served by the vocational schools, and their interconnection with the system of degrees and entitlements of the general schools. (DIPF/Orig.

Investigation of intervertebral disc degeneration using multivariate FTIR spectroscopic imaging

Traditionally tissue samples are analysed using protein or enzyme specific stains on serial sections to build up a picture of the distribution of components contained within them. In this study we investigated the potential of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to deconvolute 2nd derivative spectra of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopic images measured in transflectance mode of goat and human paraffin embedded intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue sections, to see if this methodology can provide analogous information to that provided by immunohistochemical stains and bioassays but from a single section. MCR-ALS analysis of non-degenerate and enzymatically in vivo degenerated goat IVDs reveals five matrix components displaying distribution maps matching histological stains for collagen, elastin and proteoglycan (PG), as well as immunohistochemical stains for collagen type I and II. Interestingly, two components exhibiting characteristic spectral and distribution profiles of proteoglycans were found, and relative component/tissue maps of these components (labelled PG1 and PG2) showed distinct distributions in non-degenerate versus mildly degenerate goat samples. MCR-ALS analysis of human IVD sections resulted in comparable spectral profiles to those observed in the goat samples, highlighting the inter species transferability of the presented methodology. Multivariate FTIR image analysis of a set of 43 goat IVD sections allowed the extraction of semi-quantitative information from component/tissue gradients taken across the IVD width of collagen type I, collagen type II, PG1 and PG2. Regional component/tissue parameters were calculated and significant correlations were found between histological grades of degeneration and PG parameters (PG1: p = 0.0003, PG2: p < 0.0001); glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and PGs (PG1: p = 0.0055, PG2: p = 0.0001); and MRI T2* measurements and PGs (PG1: p = 0.0021, PG2: p < 0.0001). Additionally, component/tissue parameters for collagen type I and II showed significant correlations with total collagen content (p = 0.0204, p = 0.0127). In conclusion, the presented findings illustrate, that the described multivariate FTIR imaging approach affords the necessary chemical specificity to be considered an important tool in the study of IVD degeneration in goat and human IVDs

Early changes in the extracellular matrix of the degenerating intervertebral disc, assessed by Fourier transform infrared imaging.

Mechanical overloading induces a degenerative cell response in the intervertebral disc. However, early changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) are challenging to assess with conventional techniques. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) imaging allows visualization and quantification of the ECM. We aim to identify markers for disc degeneration and apply these to investigate early degenerative changes due to overloading and katabolic cell activity. Three experiments were conducted; Exp 1.: In vivo, lumbar spines of seven goats were operated: one disc was injected with chondroitinase ABC (mild degeneration) and compared to the adjacent disc (control) after 24 weeks. Exp 2a: Ex vivo, caprine discs received physiological loading (n=10) or overloading (n=10) in a bioreactor. Exp 2b: Cell activity was diminished prior to testing by freeze-thaw cycles, 18 discs were then tested as in Exp 2a. In all experiments, FTIR images (spectral region: 1000-1300 cm ) of mid-sagittal slices were analyzed using multivariate curve resolution. In vivo, FTIR was more sensitive than biochemical and histological analysis in identifying reduced proteoglycan content (p=0.046) and increased collagen content in degenerated discs (p<0.01). Notably, FTIR analysis additionally showed disorganization of the ECM, indicated by increased collagen entropy (p=0.011). Ex vivo, the proteoglycan/collagen ratio decreased due to overloading (p=0.047) and collagen entropy increased (p=0.047). Cell activity affected collagen content only (p=0.044). FTIR imaging allows a more detailed investigation of early disc degeneration than traditional measures. Changes due to mild overloading could be assessed and quantified. Matrix remodeling is the first detectable step towards intervertebral disc degeneration. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Clinical considerations for the treatment of secondary differentiated thyroid carcinoma in childhood cancer survivors

The incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has increased rapidly over the past several years. Thus far, the only conclusively established risk factor for developing DTC is exposure to ionizing radiation, especially when the exposure occurs in childhood. Since the number of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) is increasing due to improvements in treatment and supportive care, the number of patients who will develop DTC after surviving childhood cancer (secondary thyroid cancer) is also expected to rise. Currently, there are no recommendations for management of thyroid cancer specifically for patients who develop DTC as a consequence of cancer therapy during childhood. Since complications or late effects from prior cancer treatment may elevate the risk of toxicity from DTC therapy, the medical history of CCS should be considered carefully in choosing DTC treatment. In this paper, we emphasize how the occurrence and treatment of the initial childhood malignancy affects the medical and psychosocial factors that will play a role in the diagnosis and treatment of a secondary DTC. We present considerations for clinicians to use in the management of patients with secondary DTC, based on the available evidence combined with experience -based opinions of the authors

The European Academy for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia : An initiative of the European Insomnia Network to promote implementation and dissemination of treatment

Insomnia, the most prevalent sleep disorder worldwide, confers marked risks for both physical and mental health. Furthermore, insomnia is associated with considerable direct and indirect healthcare costs. Recent guidelines in the US and Europe unequivocally conclude that cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) should be the first‐line treatment for the disorder. Current treatment approaches are in stark contrast to these clear recommendations, not least across Europe, where, if any treatment at all is delivered, hypnotic medication still is the dominant therapeutic modality. To address this situation, a Task Force of the European Sleep Research Society and the European Insomnia Network met in May 2018. The Task Force proposed establishing a European CBT‐I Academy that would enable a Europe‐wide system of standardized CBT‐I training and training centre accreditation. This article summarizes the deliberations of the Task Force concerning definition and ingredients of CBT‐I, preconditions for health professionals to teach CBT‐I, the way in which CBT‐I should be taught, who should be taught CBT‐I and to whom CBT‐I should be administered. Furthermore, diverse aspects of CBT‐I care and delivery were discussed and incorporated into a stepped‐care model for insomnia.Peer reviewe

Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.

To identify common alleles associated with different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we pooled data from multiple genome-wide genotyping projects totaling 25,509 EOC cases and 40,941 controls. We identified nine new susceptibility loci for different EOC histotypes: six for serous EOC histotypes (3q28, 4q32.3, 8q21.11, 10q24.33, 18q11.2 and 22q12.1), two for mucinous EOC (3q22.3 and 9q31.1) and one for endometrioid EOC (5q12.3). We then performed meta-analysis on the results for high-grade serous ovarian cancer with the results from analysis of 31,448 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 3,887 mutation carriers with EOC. This identified three additional susceptibility loci at 2q13, 8q24.1 and 12q24.31. Integrated analyses of genes and regulatory biofeatures at each locus predicted candidate susceptibility genes, including OBFC1, a new candidate susceptibility gene for low-grade and borderline serous EOC

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Identification of Genomic Regions Associated with Phenotypic Variation between Dog Breeds using Selection Mapping

Peer reviewe

The impact of ceo future focus and long-term incentives on strategic flexibility: Towards person-pay congruence

Strategic flexibility enables organisations to adapt to changing circumstances in a proactive or reactive manner. Although several studies show that it increases company performance, more research on the drivers and barriers to strategic flexibility is needed. In response to that call, we focus on the CEO who plays a crucial role in shaping and implementing the strategy of the organisation. One line of research established in the strategic flexibility literature studies CEO cognition to explain how CEOs differ in the extent to which they build strategically flexible organisations. Accordingly, we put forward CEO future focus as a relevant antecedent of strategic flexibility. However, we argue that this personal trait should be studied in tandem with CEO compensation, as it is their combination that determines the CEO’s strategic choices. The main objective of this paper is to understand how person-pay congruence can be obtained in the best interest of strategic flexibility by integrating CEO compensation and the upper echelons perspective. We argue that a stronger CEO future focus and high long-term incentives both increase strategic flexibility. This analysis will enable us to answer the question on what matters most: person or pay? Second, we investigate whether the person-pay interactions between CEO future focus and long-term incentives are synergistic, additive or buffering in nature. We will test our hypotheses with a panel dataset of the 600 largest listed European firms for the period 2014-2019