El impulso cartográfico

Rafael Reyes, explorador y empresario en el Amazonas entre 1874 y 1884 y presidente de Colombia entre 1904 y 1909, fue también autor y usuario de mapas. En el anterior número de Terra Brasilis (n° 13, 2020) fueron relatados detalles de su fase como empresario de quina en los ríos Putumayo (o Içá, como se conoce en Brasil) y Amazonas y fueron indicados algunos de los mapas envueltos en esta historia. El presente trabajo aborda su mapa de 1877 y el mapa del mismo río elaborado por Jules Crevaux pocos años después, enfocando algunos aspectos de su proceso creativo, de su contenido y del universo cartográfico en el que se insertan.Rafael Reyes, explorador e empresário no Amazonas entre 1874 e 1884 e presidente da Colômbia entre 1904 e 1909, foi também autor e usuário de mapas. No anterior número da Terra Brasilis (n° 13, 2020) foram ressaltados detalhes da sua fase como empresário de quina nos rios Putumayo (ou Içá, como se conhece no Brasil) e Amazonas e foram indicados alguns dos mapas envolvidos nessa história. O presente trabalho aborda seu mapa de 1877 e o mapa do mesmo rio elaborado por Jules Crevaux poucos anos depois, focando alguns aspectos de seu processo criativo, de seu conteúdo e do universo cartográfico em que se inserem.Rafael Reyes, explorer and entrepreneur in the Amazon between 1874 and 1884 and president of Colombia between 1904 and 1909, was also author and user of maps. In the previous issue of Terra Brasilis (No. 13, 2020) details of his phase as cinchona entrepreneur on the Putumayo (or Içá, as it is known in Brazil) and Amazonas Rivers were highlighted and some of the maps involved in this story were indicated. The present work deals with his 1877 map and the map of the same river made by Jules Crevaux a few years later, focusing on some aspects of its creative process, its content and the cartographic universe in which they are inserted.Rafael Reyes, explorateur et homme d'affaires dans l’Amazonie entre 1874 et 1884 et président de la Colombie entre 1904 et 1909, était également l'auteur et l'utilisateur de cartes. Dans le précédent numéro de Terra Brasilis (n ° 13, 2020), des détails sur sa phase d'entrepreneur du quinquina dans les rivières Putumayo (ou Içá, comme on l'appelle au Brésil) et Amazonas ont été mis en évidence et certaines des cartes impliquées dans cette histoire ont été indiqués. Le présent ouvrage traite de sa carte de 1877 et de la carte du même fleuve élaborée par Jules Crevaux quelques années plus tard, en se concentrant sur certains aspects de son processus de création, son contenu et l'univers cartographique dans lequel elles s'insèrent

“Do Pacífico ao Atlântico pela parte mais larga do continente”

Na tentativa de estabelecer uma rota alternativa à do Pacífico e à ferrovia do Panamá para transportar a valiosa casca de quina das montanhas andinas até os mercados do Atlântico Norte, Rafael Reyes (que seria presidente da Colômbia anos depois) explorou em 1874 e inaugurou no ano seguinte a navegação a vapor pelo rio Içá ou Putumayo. Reyes, que conseguiu manter o comercio de quina, pela via do Pará, até a queda mundial dos preços do produto em 1884, descreveu as suas viagens, explorações e projetos em múltiplas palestras e escritos e, inclusive, elaborou e publicou mapas a respeito deles. A imprensa, em particular a brasileira, acompanhou toda a aventura, que, por ter ocorrido em território contestado, esteve impregnada de conteúdo geopolítico e desafios diplomáticos. Recentemente, a historiografia tem começado a avaliar o significado da obra de Reyes para a história territorial da região.Con la idea de establecer una ruta alternativa a la del mar Pacífico y el ferrocarril de Panamá para transportar la valiosa cáscara de quina desde las montañas andinas hasta los mercados del Atlántico Norte, Rafael Reyes —quien llegaría a ser presidente de Colombia tiempo después—, exploró en 1874 e inauguró en el año siguiente la navegación a vapor por el río Içá o Putumayo, logrando mantener este comercio, por la vía del Pará, hasta la caída mundial de los precios de este producto en 1884. Reyes, hombre de pluma, describió sus exploraciones, viajes y proyectos en múltiples conferencias y escritos, e incluso llegó a elaborar y publicar mapas al respecto. La prensa, en particular la brasilera, siguió toda la aventura, la cual, por haber ocurrido en territorio en disputa, se encontró llena de contenido geopolítico y de desafíos diplomáticos. Recientemente, la historiografía ha comenzado a evaluar su significado para la historia territorial de la región.In an effort to establish a route other than the Pacific Ocean and the Panama Railway to take valuable cinchona bark from the Andean mountains to the markets of the North Atlantic, Rafael Reyes —who decades later would become the president of Colombia— went exploring in 1874, and the next year established steam navigation on the Içá or Putumayo River and continued this commerce, by way of Pará, until cinchona prices fell in 1884. Reyes, a man of a literary bent, described his explorations, travels and projects in multiple lectures and texts, and even published maps of them. The press, particularly the Brazilian press, followed the whole adventure, which, because it happened in disputed territory, was full of geopolitical import and diplomatic challenges. In recent times, scholars have started to evaluate its meaning for the territorial history of the region.Essayant d'établir une route autre que l'océan Pacifique et le chemin de fer de Panama pour transporter l'écorce de quinquina des montagnes andines vers les marchés de l'Atlantique Nord, Rafael Reyes – qui deviendra, des décennies plus tard, président de la Colombie -, a exploré en 1874 et ouvert l'année suivante la navigation à vapeur sur la rivière Içá ou Putumayo, tout en réussissant à garder ce commerce, par la voie du Pará, jusqu'à la chute des prix de ce produit en 1884. Reyes, un homme de plume, a décrit ses explorations, voyages et projets à l’occasion de plusieurs conférences et dans divers textes, et il a même publié des cartes à leur sujet. La presse, la brésilienne en particulier, a suivi toute l'aventure qui, parce qu'elle s'est déroulée en territoire disputé, était pleine de remarques géopolitiques et de défis diplomatiques. Récemment, l'historiographie a commencé à évaluer sa signification pour l'histoire territoriale de la région

Gasdermin B expression predicts poor clinical outcome in HER2-positive breast cancer

Altres ajuts: This work has been supported by the Community of Madrid (grant S2010/BMD-2303 to GMB), the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF) to JA. Alba Mota is a predoctoral student supported by a FPU fellowship (Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport). David Sarrio is a postdoctoral researcher funded by the AECC Scientific Foundation.Around, 30-40% of HER2-positive breast cancers do not show substantial clinical benefit from the targeted therapy and, thus, the mechanisms underlying resistance remain partially unknown. Interestingly, ERBB2 is frequently co-amplified and co-expressed with neighbour genes that may play a relevant role in this cancer subtype. Here, using an in silico analysis of data from 2,096 breast tumours, we reveal a significant correlation between Gasdermin B (GSDMB) gene (located 175 kilo bases distal from ERBB2) expression and the pathological and clinical parameters of poor prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer. Next, the analysis of three independent cohorts (totalizing 286 tumours) showed that approximately 65% of the HER2-positive cases have GSDMB gene amplification and protein over-expression. Moreover, GSDMB expression was also linked to poor therapeutic responses in terms of lower relapse free survival and pathologic complete response as well as positive lymph node status and the development of distant metastasis under neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment settings, respectively. Importantly, GSDMB expression promotes survival to trastuzumab in different HER2-positive breast carcinoma cells, and is associated with trastuzumab resistance phenotype in vivo in Patient Derived Xenografts. In summary, our data identifies the ERBB2 co-amplified and co-expressed gene GSDMB as a critical determinant of poor prognosis and therapeutic response in HER2-positive breast cancer

Evaluación en época seca de ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres: componentes de vegetación y faunación. Sector Centro Administrativo PNN El Tuparro (Cumaribo, Vichada)

La asignatura Ecología Regional Continental tiene como objetivo el análisis de los procesos ecológicos a escala de paisaje y bioma. A lo largo de su existencia dentro del programa curricular de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia se han realizado distintos estudios ecológicos en distintas regiones del país, ampliando cada vez más el conocimiento de los estudiantes que toman la asignatura y aportando al conocimiento de zonas poco estudiadas. Durante los últimos periodos, la fase de campo se ha realizado en zonas pertenecientes al Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. Es así como se realizó un estudio preliminar durante el segundo semestre de 2010 en el PNN Cueva de Los Guacharos en el departamento del Huila, cumpliendo con el objetivo de una evaluación ecológica rápida a nivel de vegetación y limnología de manera dirigida, además de proyectos de distintos temas sobre aspectos ecológicos de la región. Para este periodo, primer semestre de 2011, la fase de campo se desarrolló en el PNN El Tuparro, ubicado en el departamento del Vichada y se incluyó adicionalmente el componente de faunación. Esta zona del país es poco conocida dado su difícil acceso, por lo que la información obtenida es de gran valor

The global abundance of tree palms

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics