Aristóteles, el mal moral y el pecado

Si bien es cierto que el problema filosófico del mal no es uno de los temas centrales de la filosofía griega clásica, podemos encontrar en ella agudas reflexiones sobre el mismo. El primer objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la problemática del mal moral en Aristóteles, específicamente en la Ética a Nicómaco. Para ello, nos aproximaremos al planteamiento general de la ética aristotélica y al papel que en ella juega el estudio del vicio frente al de la virtud, así como de otras disposiciones morales. A continuación, se distinguirán los diferentes caracteres morales que pueden calificarse de malos (vicio, akrasía y bestialidad), haciendo un breve resumen de sus principales características. El segundo objetivo es comparar el concepto cristiano de pecado y el tratamiento aristotélico del mal moral. Comenzaremos remarcando las similitudes, para después encontrar algunas diferencias esenciales, atendiendo a la trascendencia, el alcance, la responsabilidad y la superación del mal moral

((R)-( )-3-Hydroxyquinuclidium)[FeCl4]; a plastic hybrid compound with chirality, ferroelectricity and long range magnetic ordering

Quinuclidinium salts and their derivatives are now in the focus of materials science as building units of multifunctional materials. Their properties can be easily switchable, allowing their use in a wide range of physical applications. One type of these kinds of materials, the homochiral hybrid halometallate ferroelectric compounds, is not well understood. In this work, (R)-( )-3-quinuclidinol hydrochloride was used in the synthesis of ((R)-( )-3-hydroxyquinuclidium)[FeCl4]. The use of this enantiomeric cation forces crystallographic non-centrosymmetry, which was confirmed by polarimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy. We studied the physical properties of this compound at different temperatures by single crystal, synchrotron and neutron powder X-ray diffraction, which showed a rich series of structural and magnetic phase transitions. From synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data, a plastic phase was observed above 370 K (phase I). Between 370 K and ca. 310 K, an intermediate polar phase was detected, solved in a non-centrosymmetric polar space group (C2) (phase II). Below ca. 310 K, the compound crystallizes in the triclinic P1 non-centrosymmetric space group (phase III) which is maintained down to 4 K, followed by phase IV, which shows tridimensional magnetic ordering. The temperature evolution of the neutron diffraction data shows the appearance of new reflections below 4 K. These reflections can be indexed to a commensurate propagation vector k = (0, 0, 12). The magnetic structure below TN was solved in the Ps1 Shubnikov space group, which gives rise to an antiferromagnetic structure, compatible with the magnetometry measurements. Near room temperature, the crystal phase transition is associated with a dielectric change. In particular, the phase transition between phase III (S.G.:P1) and phase II (S.G.:C2) involves an increase of symmetry between two non-centrosymmetric space groups. Therefore, it allows, by symmetry, the emergence of ferroelectric and ferroelastic ordering. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) imaging measurements provided evidence for polarization switching and a local ferroelectric behavior of phase III at room temperature. Additionally, the obtained butterfly curve and hysteresis loop by PFM exhibits a low coercive voltage of B10 V. This value is remarkable, since it approaches those obtained for materials with application in ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAMs).Financial support from Universidad de Cantabria (Proyecto Puente convocatoria 2018 funded by SODERCAN_FEDER), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (GIU17/50 and PPG17/37) and Ministerio de Economia y Competividad (MAT2017-89239-C2-(1,2)-P, MAT2017-83631-C3-3-R, MAT2017-86453-R, PGC2018-097520-A-100 and PID2019-104050RAI00) is acknowledged. The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical and human support provided by SGIKer (UPV/EHU, MINECO, GV/EJ, ERDF, and ESF). Carmen Martín is grateful to VI PPIT-2018 from Universidad de Sevilla. The paper is (partly) based on the results of experiments carried out at the ALBA Synchrotron Light Source in Barcelona (proposal 2019083666) and Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL) of Grenoble (Proposals 5-31-2580 and 5-31-2460)

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Tipología de la akrasía en Aristóteles

The study of akrasia or incontinence which Aristotle opens in Nicomachean Ethics VII is one of the first philosophical approaches to the problem of specifically human wickedness. This paper begins identifying the human type that akrasia reveals, remarking its philosophical relevance and presenting briefly the Aristotelian explanation of the phenomenon. Then categorizes the different forms that the transgression of one's own convictions can assume, following two independent criteria. On the one hand, the kind of desire that overcomes reason. On the other hand, the moment of the practical reasoning process in which akrasia takes place. Crossing both criteria, we find a rich and qualified typology of akrasia, as well as of enkrateia. Additionaly, an interpretation of the moral ascription of this typology is presented, in which each one of the akratic types deserves its own ethical assessment. This evaluation, finally, sheds light on Aristotle's own ethical and anthropological conception.El estudio de la akrasía o incontinencia que Aristóteles abre en el libro VII de Ética a Nicómaco es una de las primeras aproximaciones filosóficas al problema de la maldad específicamente humana. Este artículo comienza identificando el tipo humano que revela la akrasía, señalando su importancia filosófica y exponiendo brevemente la explicación aristotélica del fenómeno. Después categoriza las diferentes formas que puede asumir la transgresión de los propios principios morales, según dos criterios independientes. Por un lado, el tipo de deseo que vence a la razón. Por otro lado, el momento del razonamiento práctico en el que tiene lugar la akrasía. Cruzando ambos criterios, encontramos una tipología rica y matizada de la akrasía, así como de la enkráteia. Asimismo, se ofrece una interpretación del valor moral de esta tipología, en el que cada uno de los tipos akrásicos merece una determinada calificación ética. Finalmente, esta evaluación ilumina la propia concepción ética y antropológica de Aristóteles

Tipología de la akrasía en Aristóteles

El estudio de la akrasía o incontinencia que Aristóteles abre en el libro VII de Ética a Nicómaco es una de las primeras aproximaciones filosóficas al problema de la maldad específicamente humana. Este artículo comienza identificando el tipo humano que revela la akrasía, señalando su importancia filosófica y exponiendo brevemente la explicación aristotélica del fenómeno. Después categoriza las diferentes formas que puede asumir la transgresión de los propios principios morales, según dos criterios independientes. Por un lado, el tipo de deseo que vence a la razón. Por otro lado, el momento del razonamiento práctico en el que tiene lugar la akrasía. Cruzando ambos criterios, encontramos una tipología rica y matizada de la akrasía, así como de la enkráteia. Asimismo, se ofrece una interpretación del valor moral de esta tipología, en el que cada uno de los tipos akrásicos merece una determinada calificación ética. Finalmente, esta evaluación ilumina la propia concepción ética y antropológica de Aristóteles.The study of akrasia or incontinence which Aristotle opens in Nicomachean Ethics VII is one of the first philosophical approaches to the problem of specifically human wickedness. This paper begins identifying the human type that akrasia reveals, remarking its philosophical relevance and presenting briefly the Aristotelian explanation of the phenomenon. Then categorizes the different forms that the transgression of one’s own convictions can assume, following two independent criteria. On the one hand, the kind of desire that overcomes reason. On the other hand, the moment of the practical reasoning process in which akrasia takes place. Crossing both criteria, we find a rich and qualified typology of akrasia, as well as of enkrateia. Additionaly, an interpretation of the moral ascription of this typology is presented, in which each one of the akratic types deserves its own ethical assessment. This evaluation, finally, sheds light on Aristotle’s own ethical and anthropological conception.Filosofí

Comunidad posmoderna

Este ensayo filosófico desentraña nuestra ya madura posmodernidad desde sus raíces antropológico-culturales y describe críticamente sus principales secuelas en la sociedad contemporánea. Partiendo de las coordenadas sociales del mundo occidental (narcisismo, fragmentariedad, fluidez, capitalismo neoliberal, individualismo, aceleración, tecnocracia, etc.) los catorce autores españoles que intervienen en esta obra plantean, además —con miradas complementarias—, las condiciones en que nuestra libertad psicológica, moral, económica y política, permitirían sostener una comunidad transcultural, creativa y solidaria; una comunidad donde pervivan los presupuestos epistemológicos y sociales de la tradición clásica y en la que, lejos de sofocar el despliegue natural de la razón, prospere un humanismo teórico-práctico coherente con la trascendencia religiosa.Introducción. Comunidad, si fuera posible / José María Garrido Bermúdez (pp. 9-12). -- Narración, comunidad y crisis en la posmodernidad / Jorge Martínez-Lucena y Javier Barraycoa Martínez (pp. 15-31). -- Feminismo, trabajo e identidades posmodernas / Teresa Pueyo Toquero (pp. 33-46). -- Diferencia, antihumanismo y fragmento. Aproximación a la comunidad desde la filosofía posmoderna / Jaime Vilarroig Martín y José María Mira de Orduña y Gil (pp. 47-61). -- Decadencia y caída posmoderna del ‘homo oeconomicus’ / Miguel Ángel Belmonte Sánchez (pp. 63-77). -- La comunidad gnóstica: una lectura de la posmodernidad / Stefano Abbate (pp. 79-94). -- Libertad, cultura y comunidad / Enrique Anrubia y Marcelo López Cambronero (pp. 97-111). -- Lo constitutivo de la comunidad: sociabilidad y gratuidad / Aquilino Cayuela (pp. 113-134). -- Convivencia y racionalidad: condiciones comunes de la argumentación pública / Manuel Oriol Salgado (pp. 135-150). -- El republicanismo comunitario como alternativa a la teoría política liberal / Pablo Sánchez Garrido (pp. 151-166). -- Dialéctica de la comunidad en el pensamiento de Mounier / Isidro Rodríguez Marugán (pp. 167-179). -- Irrealidad del individuo solitario / José María Garrido Bermúdez (pp. 181-199)

Sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes

Funder: Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002790Funder: Genome Canada (Génome Canada); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100008762Funder: Canada Foundation for Innovation (Fondation canadienne pour l'innovation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000196Funder: Terry Fox Research Institute (Institut de Recherche Terry Fox); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004376Abstract: Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research

Sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes

Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research.Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research.Peer reviewe

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts.The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that -80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAFPeer reviewe