Conflitos sócio-territoriais: A pesca artesanal como bem comum na Península Valdés, Argentina

El artículo estudia la participación de los pescadores artesanales en la organización de su actividad y los conflictos socioterritoriales que surgen en la gestión de un bien común y la organización del territorio. A partir de un trabajo etnográfico, observación directa, entrevistas y estudio de documentos, se analizaron diferentes dispositivos participativos, que dan cuenta que los pescadores lograron introducir reglamentaciones sobrepasando principios utilitaristas y asegurando la sustentabilidad del recurso pesquero. La dimensión pública de los espacios institucionales permite abordar el status de la pesca artesanal y mostrar el reconocimiento existente hacia los pescadores como interlocutores válidos, aunque sometido a tensiones. Los resultados de los procesos participativos han generado herramientas y capacidades en torno a la pesquería como bien común, aunque la coexistencia de actividades formales e informales, prácticas de privatización del territorio y competencia de actividades socava la legitimidad de la pesca como un bien común territorial.The article studies the participation of artisanal fishermen in the organization of their activity and the socio-territorial conflicts that arise in the management of a common good and the organization of the territory. Based on ethnographic work, direct observation, interviews and study of documents, different participatory mechanisms were analyzed, which show that the fishermen managed to introduce regulations that went beyond utilitarian principles and ensured the sustainability of the fishing resource. The public dimension of the institutional spaces allows to address the status of artisanal fishing and to show the existing recognition of the fishermen as valid interlocutors, even though they are subject to tensions. The results of the participatory processes have generated tools and capacities around fishing as a common good, although the coexistence of formal and informal activities, territorial privatization practices and competition of activities undermines the legitimacy of fishing as a territorial common good.O presente artigo estuda a participação dos pescadores artesanais na organização de suas atividades e os conflitos sócio-territoriais que surgem na gestão de um bem comum e na organização do território. A partir de um trabalho etnográfico, observação direta, entrevistas e estudo de documentos, foram analisados diferentes dispositivos participativos, que mostram como os pescadores conseguiram introduzir regulamentos que ultrapassavam os princípios utilitários e garantiam a sustentabilidade do recurso pesqueiro. A dimensão pública dos espaços institucionais permite abordar o status da pesca artesanal e mostrar o reconhecimento existente dos pescadores como interlocutores válidos, embora sujeitos a tensões. Os resultados dos processos participativos geraram ferramentas e capacidades em torno da pesca como um bem comum, embora a coexistência de atividades formais e informais, práticas de privatização territorial e competição de atividades prejudique a legitimidade da pesca como um bem comum territorial.Fil: Rius, Pia Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez Manriquez, Lorena Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; Argentin

Un nouveau type de matière active explique la formation d’agrégats bactériens et leur impact sur l’infection à méningocoque

International audienc

SMARCB1 regulates a TFCP2L1-MYC transcriptional switch promoting renal medullary carcinoma transformation and ferroptosis resistance

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is an aggressive tumour driven by bi-allelic loss of SMARCB1 and tightly associated with sickle cell trait. However, the cell-of-origin and oncogenic mechanism remain poorly understood. Using single-cell sequencing of human RMC, we defined transformation of thick ascending limb (TAL) cells into an epithelial-mesenchymal gradient of RMC cells associated with loss of renal epithelial transcription factors TFCP2L1, HOXB9 and MITF and gain of MYC and NFE2L2-associated oncogenic and ferroptosis resistance programs. We describe the molecular basis for this transcriptional switch that is reversed by SMARCB1 re-expression repressing the oncogenic and ferroptosis resistance programs leading to ferroptotic cell death. Ferroptosis resistance links TAL cell survival with the high extracellular medullar iron concentrations associated with sickle cell trait, an environment propitious to the mutagenic events associated with RMC development. This unique environment may explain why RMC is the only SMARCB1-deficient tumour arising from epithelial cells, differentiating RMC from rhabdoid tumours arising from neural crest cells

Imaging and multi-omics datasets converge to define different neural progenitor origins for ATRT-SHH subgroups

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are divided into MYC, TYR and SHH subgroups, suggesting diverse lineages of origin. Here, we investigate the imaging of human ATRT at diagnosis and the precise anatomic origin of brain tumors in the Rosa26-Cre$^{ERT2}$::Smarcb1$^{flox/flox}$ model. This cross-species analysis points to an extra-cerebral origin for MYC tumors. Additionally, we clearly distinguish SHH ATRT emerging from the cerebellar anterior lobe (CAL) from those emerging from the basal ganglia (BG) and intra-ventricular (IV) regions. Molecular characteristics point to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary as the origin of CAL SHH ATRT, and to the ganglionic eminence as the origin of BG/IV SHH ATRT. Single-cell RNA sequencing on SHH ATRT supports these hypotheses. Trajectory analyses suggest that SMARCB1 loss induces a de-differentiation process mediated by repressors of the neuronal program such as REST, ID and the NOTCH pathway

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Escucha México. Cultura auditiva

En este PAP se integran objetivos que buscan incidir para la implementación de entornos incluyentes, el desarrollo de la educación sobre la salud y cultura auditiva, las herramientas necesarias para la defensa del confort acústico y la propagación de información sobre la discapacidad auditiva. Para lograr esto, se desenvuelven dentro del PAP seis proyectos, los cuales son, Coordinación de eventos, Cruzada Contra el Ruido, Material Didáctico, Mariana Anaya, Redes sociales PAP Escucha México y Observatorio interdisciplinario del ruido. Cada proyecto se desarrolla en diferentes áreas de trabajo, como puede ser la organización de paneles informativos y encuentros, el manejo de redes sociales, la elaboración de talleres y cursos. Para cada proyecto se desarrollan metodologías de trabajo cuantitativas y cualitativas, en donde se utilizan métodos deductivos y experimentales, con el acompañamiento de técnicas de observación, de focus group y de encuesta.ITESO, A.C

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Rôle de la réponse immunitaire innée dans les dégâts vasculaires causés par une infection à Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis est un diplocoque à Gram négatif responsable de méningite et de choc septique. Alors que la méningite est la forme d'infection la plus fréquente, la septicémie fulminante est responsable de 90% de la mortalité imputable à N. meningitidis. La septicémie méningococcique est caractérisée par une éruption purpurique due à des lésions vasculaires. Les observations au niveau histologique révèlent des méningocoques associés aux cellules endothéliales, des thromboses, des hémorragies périvasculaires et des infiltrations de cellules inflammatoires. Les mécanismes conduisant à ces lésions vasculaires ainsi que les raisons pour lesquelles le système immunitaire inné est incapable de contrôler l'infection avant l'atteinte de ce stade pathologique sont inconnus. Dans ce travail de doctorat, nous abordons ces questions en utilisant un modèle murin humanisée par xénogreffe de peau humaine chez des animaux immunodéficients. Nous rapportons que la prolifération bactérienne dans les capillaires est rapide et mène à l'occlusion des vaisseaux en moins de 3 heures post-infection. Dans ce contexte, les macrophages périvasculaires jouent un rôle de sentinelles car ils phagocytent efficacement les bactéries intraluminales adhérentes, aux stades précoces de l'infection et sont essentiels pour recruter les neutrophiles au site d'infection. L'imagerie intravitale et les expériences de déplétion des neutrophiles indiquent que ceux-ci jouent un rôle important dans la destruction des bactéries adhérentes par un processus de migration inverse c'est à dire de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur des vaisseaux et, par conséquent, diminuent les dommages vasculaires induits par les bactéries. L'analyse de la cinétique de recrutement des neutrophiles montre que ceux-ci atteignent un pic de recrutement entre 16h et 24h post-infection chez la souris infectée par voie intravasculaire, comme c'est le cas lors d'une infection naturelle alors que cela ne prend seulement 3h lorsque les bactéries sont injectées par voie intradermique. Ces résultats montrent que la détection intraluminale des bactéries par les macrophages périvasculaires conduit finalement au recrutement des neutrophiles et au contrôle des lésions vasculaires, mais cette réponse dépendante des macrophages périvasculaires est initiée trop tard pour être pleinement efficace.Neisseria meningitidis is a gram-negative diplococcus responsible for meningitis and septic shock. While meningitidis is the most frequent form of infection, fulminant septicemia is responsible for 90% of the mortality imputable to N. meningitidis. Meningococcal sepsis is characterized by a purpuric rash due to vascular damages. Observations at the histological level reveal meningococci associated to endothelial cells, thrombosis, perivascular hemorrhage and inflammatory cells infiltrates. The mechanisms leading to this vascular damage and the reasons for which the innate immune system is unable to control the infection before reaching this pathological stage are unknown. In this doctoral work, we address these questions using a humanized skin xenograft mouse model of Neisseria meningitidis infection. We report that bacterial proliferation inside capillaries is rapid leading to vessel occlusion in less than 3 hours post-infection. In this context, perivascular macrophages play a role of sentinels as they efficiently phagocytose adhering intraluminal bacteria at early stages of infection and are essential to recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Intravital imaging and neutrophils depletion experiments indicate that neutrophils play an important role in killing adherent bacterial through a reverse migration process and as a consequence decrease the vascular damages induced by the bacteria. Interestingly, detailed analysis of the kinetics of neutrophil recruitment show that while neutrophil numbers reach a peak between 16h and 24h post-infection in mice challenged by the intravascular route as during the natural infection, this takes only 3h when bacteria are injected intra-dermally. These results show that intraluminal detection of bacteria by perivascular macrophages eventually leads to neutrophil recruitment and vascular damage control but this perivascular macrophage-dependent response is initiated too late to be fully efficient

Industrialización, desarrollo y ciudad: transformaciones socio-demográficas y espaciales en la geografía social del gran Concepción (1950-2010)

There have been important transformations regarding the sociodemographic and urban structure in Greater Concepción over the last sixty years; these changes have been related to the import-substitution industrialization and the consequent integration of the national economy within the globalized market. This paper analyzes these transformations by using socio-educational, age and employment in industry and services indicators so as to verify if the spatial behavior was linked to these processes, putting them in perspective against the notion of progress and development. The results show an early concentration of employment in industry in the peri-urban area. The socio-educational structure retained high income groups in the downtown area of Concepción, but it has recently showed a more peripheral localization, in line with metropolization mechanisms and the liberalization of the land market. This article presents two moments of the city: one belonging to the idea of progress and the other is the notion of development; both concepts are discussed by taking the social geography of the city as a basis.En el Gran Concepción ha habido importantes transformaciones relativas al espacio socio-demográfico y a la estructura urbana en los últimos sesenta años, vinculadas al proceso de industrialización sustitutiva de importaciones y a la posterior integración de la economía nacional al mercado globalizado. En este artículo se analizaron dichas transformaciones mediante indicadores socio-educacionales, etarios, de empleo en industria y en servicios, buscando verificar si su comportamiento espacial se asociaba con los procesos mencionados, poniéndolos en perspectiva frente a la noción de progreso y desarrollo. Los resultados muestran una temprana concentración del empleo en industria en la conurbación. La estructura socio-educacional mantuvo a los grupos altos en el centro de Concepción, pero ha tendido recientemente a una localización más periférica, acorde con los mecanismos de metropolización y liberalización del mercado de suelo. Se presentan dos momentos de la ciudad: uno que responde a la idea de progreso y otro que recoge la noción de desarrollo, ambas discutidas en torno a la geografía social de la ciudad

Industrialización, desarrollo y ciudad: transformaciones socio-demográficas y espaciales en la geografía social del gran Concepción (1950-2010)

There have been important transformations regarding the sociodemographic and urban structure in Greater Concepción over the last sixty years; these changes have been related to the import-substitution industrialization and the consequent integration of the national economy within the globalized market. This paper analyzes these transformations by using socio-educational, age and employment in industry and services indicators so as to verify if the spatial behavior was linked to these processes, putting them in perspective against the notion of progress and development. The results show an early concentration of employment in industry in the peri-urban area. The socio-educational structure retained high income groups in the downtown area of Concepción, but it has recently showed a more peripheral localization, in line with metropolization mechanisms and the liberalization of the land market. This article presents two moments of the city: one belonging to the idea of progress and the other is the notion of development; both concepts are discussed by taking the social geography of the city as a basis.En el Gran Concepción ha habido importantes transformaciones relativas al espacio socio-demográfico y a la estructura urbana en los últimos sesenta años, vinculadas al proceso de industrialización sustitutiva de importaciones y a la posterior integración de la economía nacional al mercado globalizado. En este artículo se analizaron dichas transformaciones mediante indicadores socio-educacionales, etarios, de empleo en industria y en servicios, buscando verificar si su comportamiento espacial se asociaba con los procesos mencionados, poniéndolos en perspectiva frente a la noción de progreso y desarrollo. Los resultados muestran una temprana concentración del empleo en industria en la conurbación. La estructura socio-educacional mantuvo a los grupos altos en el centro de Concepción, pero ha tendido recientemente a una localización más periférica, acorde con los mecanismos de metropolización y liberalización del mercado de suelo. Se presentan dos momentos de la ciudad: uno que responde a la idea de progreso y otro que recoge la noción de desarrollo, ambas discutidas en torno a la geografía social de la ciudad