Metals impact into the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (Brazil) during the exceptional flood of 2011

Abstract Particulate and dissolved metal concentrations were determined after the largest flood in the last 30 years on the east-west axis of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) and compared to the those of the dry period at two stations. Results confirmed that the flood greatly affected riverine outflows and the behavior of metals in the PEC. In particular, a sharp decrease in salinity was followed by extremely high SPM concentrations leading to a decrease in DO concentrations at both stations. For the dissolved phase, ANOSIM analysis showed a significant dissimilarity at each station between the sampled periods, whereas for the particulate phase this dissimilarity was found only for the samplings taken at the Antonina Station. KD values suggested dissolved Cu behavior was related to the presence of organic complexes and dissolved Mn had sediment resuspension of redox sediments and or/pore water injection as sources. Metal concentrations were lower than in polluted estuaries, though high enrichment factors found after the flood pointed to the influence of anthropogenic sources. In conclusion, the flood's influence was more evident at the Antonina Station, due to its location in the upper estuary, whereas in Paranaguá a high SPM content with low metal concentration was found, following the common pattern generally found in other marine systems subject to heavy rainfall events

Producción primaria y dinámica del fitoplancton en un estuario subtropical: un enfoque múltiple de escalas de tiempo

Temporal variability of physicochemical parameters and phytoplankton primary productivity, abundance and composition were investigated at Babitonga Bay, southern Brazil, using a hierarchical sampling design on the scales of months, weeks and days during spring 2012 and summer 2013. Only temperature, respiration rates and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and silicate exhibited significant differences in the greatest timescale (seasons: spring; summer). In contrast, most physicochemical parameters, such as salinity and the concentration of nitrogen compounds, varied mainly among weeks and days. This short-scale variability was similarly observed for the microphytoplankton abundance, ranging from 0.04 to 1.7.106 cells L–1 during a bloom of the diatom Skeletonema costatum. Two major phytoplankton assemblages were associated with high primary production rates: > 30 μm centric diatoms such as Cyclotella spp. and Cymatodiscus sp., in spring; and a summer assemblage dominated by smaller, bloom-forming diatoms (S. costatum and Eucampia cornuta). Primary production ranged from 10.5 to 1793 mg C m–2 d–1 and varied significantly between days and months, being associated with the photosynthetic active radiation level and weather conditions on the sampling day. Abundance of specific plankton taxa appeared controlled by trophic interactions, as revealed for the mixotrophic, toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata complex and its prey, the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum.Se investigaron la variabilidad temporal de los parámetros físico-químicos y la producción primaria (PP), abundancia y composición del fitoplancton en la Bahía de Babitonga, sur de Brasil, utilizando un diseño de muestreo jerárquico en las escalas de meses, semanas y días, durante la primavera/2012 y verano/2013. Sólo la temperatura, las tasas de respiración y las concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto y silicato mostraron diferencias significativas en las escalas de tiempo mayores (estaciones: primavera; verano). En contraste, la mayoría de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, tales como la salinidad y la concentración de compuestos de nitrógeno, varió principalmente entre semana y días. Tal variabilidad de corta escala se observó de manera similar para la abundancia de microfitoplancton, oscilando desde 0,04 a 1.7.106 céls. L–1 durante una floración de la diatomea Skeletonema costatum. Se asociaron dos importantes grupos de fitoplancton con altas tasas de PP: diatomeas céntricas > 30 μm como Cyclotella spp. y Cymatodiscus sp., en primavera; y un grupo de verano dominado por pequeñas diatomeas formadoras de floraciones (S. costatum y Eucampia cornuta). La PP varió de 10.5 a 1793 mg C m–2 d–1 y varió significativamente entre días y meses, siendo asociada con el nivel de radiación fotosintética activa y las condiciones meteorológicas en el día de muestreo. La abundancia de taxa específicos de plancton parece controlada por interacciones tróficas, como las revelada para el dinoflagelado tóxico mixotrófico, complejo Dinophysis acuminata y su presa, el ciliado Mesodinium rubrum

Quais razões levam jovens universitários da área de saúde a fazerem uso de automedicação?

The aim was to identify the reasons that lead to self-medication in students in the health area, and to catalog the main medications used. This is an integrative literature review that identified articles related to the subject in the Virtual Health Library (VHL) database. They were selected by the descriptors: Self-medication, University and Analgesics, between the periods of 2015 to 2020, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Incomplete texts, duplicates and theses were used as exclusion criteria. Totaling 10 eligible articles. It resulted from the synthesis of articles ordered by means of tables, in which it was possible to evidence a high prevalence of self-medication among university students, drug classes, and their determinants. In conclusion, there was a need to implement educational actions to clarify the risk related to self-medication.Objetivou-se identificar os motivos que conduzem a automedicação em estudantes na área da saúde, e catalogar os principais medicamentos utilizados. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura que identificou na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) artigos relacionados a temática. Foram selecionados mediante os descritores: Automedicação, Universidade e Analgésicos, entre os períodos de 2015 a 2020, em Português, Inglês e Espanhol. Foram utilizados como critérios de exclusão textos incompletos, duplicados e teses. Totalizando 10 artigos elegíveis. Resultou-se através da síntese dos artigos ordenados por meio de tabelas, nos quais, foi possível evidenciar alta prevalência da automedicação entre os universitários, as classes medicamentosas, e seus determinantes. Por conclusão, constatou-se a necessidade de implementar ações educacionais para o esclarecimento do risco relacionado a automedicação

Metals impact into the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (Brazil) during the exceptional flood of 2011

Abstract Particulate and dissolved metal concentrations were determined after the largest flood in the last 30 years on the east-west axis of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) and compared to the those of the dry period at two stations. Results confirmed that the flood greatly affected riverine outflows and the behavior of metals in the PEC. In particular, a sharp decrease in salinity was followed by extremely high SPM concentrations leading to a decrease in DO concentrations at both stations. For the dissolved phase, ANOSIM analysis showed a significant dissimilarity at each station between the sampled periods, whereas for the particulate phase this dissimilarity was found only for the samplings taken at the Antonina Station. KD values suggested dissolved Cu behavior was related to the presence of organic complexes and dissolved Mn had sediment resuspension of redox sediments and or/pore water injection as sources. Metal concentrations were lower than in polluted estuaries, though high enrichment factors found after the flood pointed to the influence of anthropogenic sources. In conclusion, the flood's influence was more evident at the Antonina Station, due to its location in the upper estuary, whereas in Paranaguá a high SPM content with low metal concentration was found, following the common pattern generally found in other marine systems subject to heavy rainfall events

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups