Зміст професійної компетентності вчителя

(uk) У статті розглядаються сучасні підходи до змісту професійної компетентності вчителя

Delaktigheten för barn med funktionsnedsättning i skolan : En kvalitativ studie om elevers egna upplevelser

Enligt forskning är barn med funktionsnedsättning inte delaktiga i alla beslut som berör dem själva och i planering av deras vardag. Forskning visar att det är möjligt att jobba delaktighetsfrämjande med barn med funktionsnedsättning om man använder sig av rätta metoder. Inom området krävs det mera forskning för att få en större bild av delaktigheten hos barnen. Syftet med denna undersökning är att få barnens röst hörd och att väcka medvetenhet om barnens delaktighet hos professionella. Undersökningen avgränsar sig till delaktigheten i skolan. Teorin i denna undersökning är socialpedagogiken. Frågeställningarna är: Hur syns delaktigheten i skolan ur ett barnperspektiv? Hur främjar SASY barnens delaktighet i skolan? Jag gör en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjuer med barn på skolan Ruskis. I intervjuerna använder jag mig av ett material som heter SASY (samtal med hjälp av symboler). SASY har utvecklats som ett samarbetsprojekt på Ruskis och baserar sig på tvärvetenskapligt material samt på alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation. Resultaten visar detsamma som forskningen visar att barn med funktionsnedsättning inte är delaktiga på alla områden i deras liv. Resultaten visar också att SASY kan främja delaktigheten i skolan. Barnens och mina reflektioner om SASY- materialet var relativt lika; det hjälper barnen att berätta och det förstärker delaktigheten då barnet styr samtalet.Research finds that children with disabilities are not involved in all decisions that concern themselves and in the planning of their daily lives. Research shows that it is possible to get children to participate if using correct methods. Within the area, more research is needed to get a greater picture of the participation of the children. The purpose of my study is to get the children's voice heard and to raise awareness of the children's participation in professionals. My research is limited to the participation in school. The theory for my study is social pedagogy. My questions are: How does the participation of children in school look from a child perspective? How does SASY promote children's participation in school? I do a qualitative study in the form of interviews with children at Ruskis school. In the interviews I use a material called SASY (“samtal med hjälp av symboler”, conversations with the help of symbols). SASY has been developed as a cooperation project at Ruskis, based on interdisciplinary materials and alternative and complementary communication. My findings show the same as research found that disabled children are not involved in all areas of their lives. The results also show that SASY can promote participation in school. The children´s and my reflections on the SASY material were relatively similar; It helps the children to tell about their thoughts and it reinforces the participation when the child manages the conversation.Tutkimus toteaa, että vammaiset lapset eivät ole osallisia kaikissa itseään koskevissa asioissa ja oman arkielämän suunnittelussa. Tutkimukset osoittavat myös sen, että oikeilla menetelmillä vammaiset lapset voivat olla osallisia. Alueella tarvitaan enemmän tutkimusta, jotta saadaan laajempi osaaminen lasten osallistumisesta. Minun tutkimukseni tarkoituksena on saada lasten ääni kuulluksi ja lisätä tietoisuutta ammattilaisten keskuudessa lasten osallistumisesta. Tutkimukseni on rajoitettu osallistumiseen koulussa. Teorianani toimii sosiaalipedagogiikka. Kysymykseni ovat: Miten osallisuus näkyy koulussa lapsilähtöisesti? Miten KESY edistää lasten osallisuutta koulussa? Teen kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen haastattelemalla lapsia Ruskis- koulussa. Haastatteluissa käytän KESY- materiaalia (keskustelua symbolien avulla). KESY on kehitetty yhteistyöhankkeena, joka perustuu monitieteellisiin materiaaleihin ja vaihtoehtoiseen sekä täydentävään kommunikointiin. Omat havaintoni osoittavat samoin kuin tutkimukset osoittavat, että vammaiset lapset eivät ole osallisia kaikilla elämänalueillaan. Tulokset osoittavat myös, että KESY voi edistää osallistumista koulussa. Lasten ja minun näkemykset SASY- materiaalista olivat melko samankaltaiset; materiaali auttaa lapsia kertomaan ja se vahvistaa osallistumista, kun lapsi ohjaa keskustelua

Host-pathogen interactions using Dictyostelium discoideum as host model

Dictyostelium discoideum has long been used as a model organism to study many different biological processes. The amoeba is very similar to macrophages present in higher animals, for example humans. Furthermore, several genes in D. discoideum have shown to be homologous with human genes. Due to these facts, D. discoideum have also been used to study host-pathogen interactions with many different human pathogens. In this project, the aim was to survey the literature and find conditions where the pathogen Salmonella typhimurium can infect D. discoideum and further try to explain how this host-pathogen system can be used to study how non-coding RNAs can influence the infectious process. S. typhimurium is a pathogen that is known to infect humans and other animals. When infection occurs it causes gastroenteritis that gives diarrhea and vomiting. The pathogen causes infection by entering host cells, such as macrophages or epithelial cell. Inside the host cells the pathogen can find ways to replicate and persist. ncRNAs are important molecules that regulate many different processes in the cell by either induce degradation of mRNA or inhibit translation. Two of the most important groups of ncRNAs are microRNAs and small interfering RNAs. These are the two groups that would be studied in order to try to elucidate their role and function during the infectious process. How the project would be set up will be described in this literature project. The first thing that would be done is to try to find conditions were S. typhimurium can infect D. discoideum; to do this a microtitre plate assay would be used to try to find the right conditions. This allows screening of a large number of different conditions simultaneously. Total RNA would then be extracted from both non-infected and infected D. discoideum cells. Both small RNAs and mRNA would be analyzed using high throughput sequencing methods. The results would then be used to create mutants where the identified ncRNAs are knocked out or over–expressed in order to elucidate their function. ncRNA target genes would also be mutated, in order to understand their function. Which role ncRNAs have in S. typhimurium during the infectious process would also be analyzed. By studying these factors, the biology behind the infection of S. typhimurium could be identified

PWWP2A binds distinct chromatin moieties and interacts with an MTA1-specific core NuRD complex.

Chromatin structure and function is regulated by reader proteins recognizing histone modifications and/or histone variants. We recently identified that PWWP2A tightly binds to H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and is involved in mitotic progression and cranial-facial development. Here, using in vitro assays, we show that distinct domains of PWWP2A mediate binding to free linker DNA as well as H3K36me3 nucleosomes. In vivo, PWWP2A strongly recognizes H2A.Z-containing regulatory regions and weakly binds H3K36me3-containing gene bodies. Further, PWWP2A binds to an MTA1-specific subcomplex of the NuRD complex (M1HR), which consists solely of MTA1, HDAC1, and RBBP4/7, and excludes CHD, GATAD2 and MBD proteins. Depletion of PWWP2A leads to an increase of acetylation levels on H3K27 as well as H2A.Z, presumably by impaired chromatin recruitment of M1HR. Thus, this study identifies PWWP2A as a complex chromatin-binding protein that serves to direct the deacetylase complex M1HR to H2A.Z-containing chromatin, thereby promoting changes in histone acetylation levels

Climate change in the Baltic Sea region : a summary

Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Based on the summaries of the recent knowledge gained in palaeo-, historical, and future regional climate research, we find that the main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, for example, for Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level-driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Baltic Inflows, and phytoplankton species distribution, and new scenario simulations with improved models, for example, for glaciers, lake ice, and marine food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before because more models were included in the ensembles, especially for the Baltic Sea. With the help of coupled models, feedbacks between several components of the Earth system have been studied, and multiple driver studies were performed, e.g. projections of the food web that include fisheries, eutrophication, and climate change. New datasets and projections have led to a revised understanding of changes in some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has become evident that natural variability, in particular for the ocean on multidecadal timescales, is greater than previously estimated, challenging our ability to detect observed and projected changes in climate. In this context, the first palaeoclimate simulations regionalised for the Baltic Sea region are instructive. Hence, estimated uncertainties for the projections of many variables increased. In addition to the well-known influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation, it was found that also other low-frequency modes of internal variability, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, have profound effects on the climate of the Baltic Sea region. Challenges were also identified, such as the systematic discrepancy between future cloudiness trends in global and regional models and the difficulty of confidently attributing large observed changes in marine ecosystems to climate change. Finally, we compare our results with other coastal sea assessments, such as the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA), and find that the effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea differ from those on the North Sea, since Baltic Sea oceanography and ecosystems are very different from other coastal seas such as the North Sea. While the North Sea dynamics are dominated by tides, the Baltic Sea is characterised by brackish water, a perennial vertical stratification in the southern subbasins, and a seasonal sea ice cover in the northern subbasins.Peer reviewe

Who dares does not always win: risk-averse rockpool prawns are better at controlling a limited food resource

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier Masson via the DOI in this record.Animal ‘personality’ – the phenomenon of consistent individual differences in behaviour within populations – has been documented widely, yet its functional significance and the reasons for its persistence remain unclear. One possibility is that among-individual behavioural variation is linked to fitness-determining traits via effects on resource acquisition. In this study, we test this idea, using rockpool prawns (Palaemon elegans) to test for a correlation between ‘high-risk exploration’ and the ability to monopolise a limited resource. Modified open field trials (OFTs) confirmed that consistent among-individual (co)variation in high-risk exploratory behaviours does exist in this species, and multivariate analysis shows trait variation is consistent with a major axis of personality variation. Subsequent feeding trials in size-matched groups where competition was possible revealed a high repeatability of feeding duration, used here as a proxy for RHP (resource holding potential). We found significant negative correlations between feeding duration and two ‘risky’ behaviours, such that individuals that took fewer risks fed more. Our results are not consistent with the widely hypothesised idea of a ‘proactive syndrome’ in which bolder, risk-taking personalities are positively associated with RHP. Rather they suggest the possibility of a trade-off, with some individuals successful at monopolising limited, high-value resources, while others are more willing to engage in potentially risky exploration (which may increase the likelihood of encountering novel resource patches). We speculate that alternative strategies for acquiring limited resources might thereby contribute to the maintenance of personality variation observed in wild populationsTH and AJW were supported by a grant from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council awarded to AJW (BBSRC, grant BB/L022656/1)

Genome-Wide Association Study and Functional Characterization Identifies Candidate Genes for Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake

Distinct tissue-specific mechanisms mediate insulin action in fasting and postprandial states. Previous genetic studies have largely focused on insulin resistance in the fasting state, where hepatic insulin action dominates. Here we studied genetic variants influencing insulin levels measured 2 h after a glucose challenge in \u3e55,000 participants from three ancestry groups. We identified ten new loci (P \u3c 5 × 10-8) not previously associated with postchallenge insulin resistance, eight of which were shown to share their genetic architecture with type 2 diabetes in colocalization analyses. We investigated candidate genes at a subset of associated loci in cultured cells and identified nine candidate genes newly implicated in the expression or trafficking of GLUT4, the key glucose transporter in postprandial glucose uptake in muscle and fat. By focusing on postprandial insulin resistance, we highlighted the mechanisms of action at type 2 diabetes loci that are not adequately captured by studies of fasting glycemic traits

Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height

Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with ~700 common associated variants identified so far through genome - wide association studies . Here , we report 83 height - associated coding variants with lower minor allele frequenc ies ( range of 0.1 - 4.8% ) and effects of up to 2 16 cm /allele ( e.g. in IHH , STC2 , AR and CRISPLD2 ) , >10 times the average effect of common variants . In functional follow - up studies, rare height - increasing alleles of STC2 (+1 - 2 cm/allele) compromise d proteolytic inhibition of PAPP - A and increased cleavage of IGFBP - 4 in vitro , resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin - like growth factors . The se 83 height - associated variants overlap genes mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates ( e.g. ADAMTS3, IL11RA, NOX4 ) and pathways ( e.g . proteoglycan/ glycosaminoglycan synthesis ) involved in growth . Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low - frequency variants of moderate to large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes , and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways

A principal component meta-analysis on multiple anthropometric traits identifies novel loci for body shape

Large consortia have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with anthropometric traits, one trait at a time. We examined whether genetic variants affect body shape as a composite phenotype that is represented by a combination of anthropometric traits. We developed an approach that calculates averaged PCs (AvPCs) representing body shape derived from six anthropometric traits (body mass index, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio). The first four AvPCs explain >99% of the variability, are heritable, and associate with cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed genome-wide association analyses for each body shape composite phenotype across 65 studies and meta-analysed summary statistics. We identify six novel loci: LEMD2 and CD47 for AvPC1, RPS6KA5/C14orf159 and GANAB for AvPC3, and ARL15 and ANP32 for AvPC4. Our findings highlight the value of using multiple traits to define complex phenotypes for discovery, which are not captured by single-trait analyses, and may shed light onto new pathways

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms