Keçi sütünde bazı kalite parametreleri i̇çin metot validasyonu

Goat milk has great importance in human health and nutrition. It may be used to manufacture wide variety of products due to its chemical characteristics. In this study, an easy and quick method for the analysis of fat, fat-free dry matter (FFDM), lactose, protein percentage, electrical conductivity, freezing point and density in milk was validated. The repeatability values determined by the operators were 4.65 and 4.68 for lactose; 3.10 for protein, 4.38 and 4.33 for fat; 8.52 and 8.55 for FFDM. The same values for reproducibility were 4.78; 3.17 and 3.18; 4.38 and 4.39; 8.73 and 8.75, respectively. There was no significant difference between the data obtained by the operators in all parameters subject to the study (P>0.05). Horwitz ratio (HorRat) was used as comparison for reproducibility. HorRat values are required to be less than 2. HorRat values determined in all parameters measured in this study were between 0.25 and 0.94. Finally, the expanded uncertainty and the combined standard uncertainty were calculated. By the way, the present study provided a fast, and reliable protocol for these analysis. Further research is needed to gain knowledge on the suitability and advantages of the usage of validated method approach for different goat milk components.Keçi sütü insan sağlığı ve beslenmesinde büyük öneme sahiptir. Kimyasal özelliklerinden dolayı, keçi sütü, çok çeşitli ürünlerin üretiminde kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada, Şam keçisinin sütündeki yağ, yağsız kuru madde (YKM), laktoz, protein oranı, elektriksel iletkenlik, donma noktası ve yoğunluk analizi için kolay ve hızlı bir yöntem geçerli kılınmıştır. Operatörler tarafından tespit edilen tekrarlanabilirlik değerleri, laktoz için 4.65 ve 4.68; protein için 3.10; yağ için 4.38 ve 4.33; YKM için 8.52 ve 8.55 olmuştur. Aynı değerler tekrarüretilebilirlik için sırasıyla, 4.78; 3.17 ve 3.18; 4.38 ve 4.39; 8.73 ve 8.75 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmaya konu olan tüm parametrelerde, operatörler tarafından elde edilen veriler arasındaki farklılık önemli olmamıştır (P>0.05). Horwitz oranı (HorRat) tekrar üretilebilirlik için karşılaştırma yapılmasında kullanılmıştır. HorRat değerlerinin 2'den küçük olması istenir. Bu çalışmada ölçülen tüm parametrelerde belirlenen HorRat değerleri 0.25 ile 0.94 arasında olmuştur. Son olarak, her bir parametre için birleşik belirsizlik ve genişletilmiş belirsizlik hesaplanmıştır. Böylelikle, bu çalışma, bazı süt kalite parametrelerinin analizleri için hızlı ve güvenilir bir protokol sağlamıştır. Geçerli kılınmış yöntem yaklaşımının kullanımının uygunluğu ve avantajları hakkında bilgi edinmek amacıyla, farklı keçi sütü bileşenleri için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır

Dijagnostička točnost sastojaka mlijeka kod dijagnostike gravidnosti u krava srednje i kasne laktacije

The aims of this study were to establish a cut-off point by evaluating the usability of the somatic cell count (SCC) and milk components (fat, fat-free dry matter (FFDM), protein, lactose, freezing point, electrical conductivity and pH) to observe the pregnancy status, and to determine the practical usage of these parameters as diagnostic biomarker of pregnancy status. In the present study, primiparous Holstein cows (n=133) were included in the mid and late lactation. Milk samples were collected in sterile tubes for SCC and milk components analysis. In each lactation period, SCC, milk yield and milk component parameters were analysed by Student\u27s t test according to pregnancy status. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the predictive threshold using SCC and milk component parameters to discriminate between pregnant and non-pregnant cows. SCC levels were similar for all cows in the mid and late-lactation. In the mid lactation, FFDM, protein, lactose and electrical conductivity were higher and milk yield, fat, freezing point and pH were lower in pregnant cows (p<0.05). In the late lactation, FFDM, protein, lactose and electrical conductivity were significantly higher and milk yield, fat and pH were significantly lower in pregnant cows (p<0.05). Furthermore, fat, FFDM, protein, lactose, freezing point, electrical conductivity, and pH were the best predictors for pregnancy diagnosis in mid-lactating cows with the AUC values of 0.840, 0.768, 0.780, 0.772, 0.693, 0.792, and 0.901 respectively. Furthermore, fat, FFDM, protein, lactose, electrical conductivity, and pH could be useful diagnostic tools for pregnancy determination in late lactating cows with the AUC values of 0.869, 0.684, 0.661, 0.689, 0.756, and 0.841 respectively. In conclusion, the milk components could be used as rapid, easily accessible, and inexpensive markers for the evaluation of the diagnosis of pregnancy status in primiparous Holstein cows.Ciljevi ove studije bili su utvrditi granične vrijednosti procjenom mogućnosti upotrebe broja somatskih stanica (SCC) i pojedinih fizikalno-kemijskih parametara mlijeka (udio masti, bezmasne suhe tvari (FFDM), proteina, laktoze, točke zamrzavanja, električne vodljivosti i pH) za promatranje statusa gravidnosti kao i u svrhu korištenja navedenih parametara kao bioloških markera u dijagnozi statusa gravidnosti. U ovu su studiju bile uključene prvotelke holstein pasmine (n=133) u srednjoj i kasnoj laktaciji. Uzorci mlijeka sakupljani su u sterilne epruvete za analizu SCC i fizikalno-kemijskih parametara. U svakom razdoblju laktacije, SCC, prinos mlijeka i fizikalno-kemijski parametri analizirani su Student t-testom u odnosu na status gravidnosti. Za određivanje prediktivnog praga korištene su krivulje odnosa specifičnosti i osjetljivosti klasifikatora (ROC), korištenjem SCC i fizikalno-kemijskih parametara mlijeka za razlikovanje gravidnih i negravidnih krava. Za sve krave u srednjoj i kasnoj laktaciji razine SCC bile su slične. Sredinom laktacije, FFDM, udjeli proteina i laktoze te električna vodljivost bili su viši, a prinos mlijeka, udio masti, točka ledišta i pH bili su niži u gravidnih krava (p<0,05). U kasnoj laktaciji, FFDM, udjeli proteina i laktoze te električna vodljivost bili su značajno viši, a prinos mlijeka, udio masti i pH bili su značajno niži u gravidnih krava (p<0,05). Udjeli masti, proteina i laktoze, FFDM, točka ledišta, električna vodljivost i pH bili su najbolji prediktori za dijagnozu gravidnosti kod krava u srednjoj laktaciji s vrijednostima površina ispod ROC krivulje (AUC) 0,840, 0,768, 0,780, 0,772, 0,693, 0,792 i 0,901. Udjeli masti, proteina i laktoze, FFDM, električna vodljivost i pH mogu biti korisni dijagnostički alati za određivanje gravidnosti kod krava u kasnoj laktaciji s AUC vrijednostima 0,869, 0,684, 0,661, 0,689, 0,756 i 0,841. Zaključno, komponente mlijeka mogu se koristiti kao brzi, lako dostupni i jeftini markeri za procjenu dijagnoze statusa gravidnosti kod prvotelki holstein krava

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Cumuriyet Dönemi'nde Galatasaray Lisesi ve Galatasaray Lisesi'nin Türk eğtimi sistemindeki yeri

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2018.This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Includes bibliographical references (page 23).by Merve Biçer

Anadolu Mandalarında Subklinik Mastitis Prevalansı ve Hastalığın Etkileri

&nbsp;The aim of this study was to calculate the prevalence and changes in milk due to subclinical mastitis in Anatolian buffaloes, and the financial losses caused by the disease. The material of the study consisted of milk samplesobtained from 96 udder lobes belonging to a total of 24 female Anatolian buffaloes raised in Kayseri. Milk sampleswere collected from four farms in March 2021 and the infection status of the milk was evaluated by examining the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SHS). According to the results, 5 buffalo (20.8%) and 8 lobes (8.3%)were found to be infected and mean SHS value was found as 182500 cell/ml. The fat of infected animals milk decreased by 27.4% (P&lt;0.05) and the milk yield decreased by 12.6%, if the disease was not treated, it was calculatedthat a loss of 1140 TL (138 $) will occur in a lactation, and if treated, this loss can be reduced by 951.5 TL (115$). Inconclusion, it was revealed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Anatolian buffaloes raised in Kayseri is high(20.08%), infection significantly reduces milk fat, especially in terms of quality, producers should educate in terms ofdiseases and pay more attention to hygiene, otherwise subclinical mastitis will cause significant losses and reduce theirprofitability</p

Comparative evaluation of major milk quality parameters of Holstein and Simmental cows at different lactation stages under similar environmental conditions*

The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition and quality parameters of Simmental and Holstein cows’ milk with different lactation stages under the same environmental conditions. Multiparous Holstein and Simmental cows from different lactation stages (n = 210) were included in the present study. MDA, SCC, composition, and fatty acid analyzes were performed from the collected milk samples. To determine the effect of breed, lactation stage and their interactions, linear mixed models were applied to these parameters. Among the breeds, only milk fat and pH were determined statistically significant as composition parameters. While C15:0 and C17:1 n8 were observed to be statistically significant for the breed factor, C18:2 n6 trans were statistically significant only for the lactation stage factor. Moreover, the fatty acids of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C16:0, C18:1 n9, C20:0 and C22:6 n3 were determined to be statistically significant in terms of interactions. For the fatty acid indices, SCFA, MCFA, n3 and n6/n3 were statistically significant in terms of interactions while SFA, MUFA, UFA and AI were statistically significant in terms of breeds. On the other hand, new studies are needed to investigate the differences between these breeds at the molecular level for milk quality and fatty acid synthesis

Effects of propylene glycol used at different doses in Akkaraman lambs rations on metabolism-related parameters and liver gene and protein expression during different feeding periods

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of propylene glycol (PG) over 60, 90, and 120 days in lambs. Seventy-two weaned male lambs were allocated into three groups: control (Con), PG1.5 (1.5 mL/kg live weight0.75), and PG3 (3 mL/kg live weight0.75). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and slaughter days. Biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, and insulin) and gene and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) in the liver were determined. Glucose in PG1.5 was increased on Day 60, while significant differences were observed in biochemical parameters except for insulin on the 60, 90, and 120 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, LDH, and BUN increased over time, while triglycerides decreased. DGAT1 gene and protein levels were lower, while SREBP-1c and PPARγ were higher in PG groups on Day 60. While SREBP-1c was lower in PG1.5, ChREBP was higher in PG3 on Day 90. PPARγ, DGAT1, and ChREBP were upregulated in PG3 on Day 120. Positive correlations were found between proteins. The long-term use of PG in lambs did not have detrimental effects on metabolism. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of PG in lambs, shedding light on its potential applications in lamb production

SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among pediatric health care personnel just after the first peak of pandemic: A nationwide surveillance.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic affected every single person on earth one way or the other. The healthcare personnel were no exception, their responsibilities as well as their risks being immense. METHODS: 4927 healthcare personnel all working in pediatric units at 32 hospitals from seven different regions of Turkey enrolled to the study to determine the seroprevalence of SARS Co-V-2 after the first peak wave. Point of care serologic lateral flow rapid test kit for IgM/IgG was used (Ecotest CE Assure Tech. Co. Ltd.). Seroprevalence and its association with demographic characteristics and possible risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Nearly 6.1% of healthcare personnel were found to be seropositive for SARS Co-V- 2. Seropositivity was more common among those who did not universally wear protective masks (10.6% vs 6.1%). Having a COVID-19 co-worker increased the likelihood of infection. The least and the most experienced personnel affected more. Most of the seropositive healthcare personnel (68%) did not have any suspicion that they had COVID-19 previously. CONCLUSIONS: Health surveillance for healthcare personnel involving routine point-of-care nucleic acid testing as well as monitoring PPE adherence would be important strategies to protect healthcare personnel from COVID-19 and to reduce nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission

Evaluation of vaccination status of health care workers for recommended vaccines and their acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Introduction: Health care workers (HCWs) are disproportionately exposed to infectious diseases and play a role in nosocomial transmission, making them a key demographic for vaccination. HCW vaccination rates are not optimal in many countries; hence, compulsory vaccination policies have been implemented in some countries. Although these policies are effective and necessary under certain conditions, resolving HCWs’ hesitancies and misconceptions about vaccines is crucial. HCWs have the advantage of direct contact with patients; hence, they can respond to safety concerns, explain the benefits of vaccination, and counter antivaccine campaigns that escalate during pandemics, as has been observed with COVID-19. Method: A short survey was carried out in May–June 2020 on the vaccination status of HCWs working with pediatric patients with COVID-19. The survey inquired about their vaccination status (mumps/measles/rubella [MMR], varicella, influenza, and diphtheria/tetanus [dT]) and willingness to receive hypothetical future COVID-19 vaccines. The respondents were grouped according to gender, age, occupation, and region. Results: In total, 4927 HCWs responded to the survey. Most were young, healthy adults. The overall vaccination rates were 57.8% for dT in the past 10 years, 44.5% for MMR, 33.2% for varicella, and 13.5% for influenza. Vaccination rates were the highest among physicians. The majority of HCWs (81%) stated that they would be willing to receive COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusion: Although vaccination rates for well-established vaccines were low, a majority of HCWs were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccines when available. Education and administrative trust should be enhanced to increase vaccination rates among HCWs