Exposición de curvas y superficies: una experiencia extraacadémica universitaria

En este artículo se comenta una experiencia extraacadémica realizada por un grupo de alumnos universitarios de Matemáticas, juntamente con su profesor, en el marco de la Semana de las Matemáticas organizada por la Facultad de Matemáticas de Sevilla para conmemorar el Año Mundial de las Matemáticas (Año 2000). La citada experiencia consistió en la realización y montaje de una Exposición de Curvas y Superficies, cuyos objetivos generales, desarrollo y conclusiones finales constituyen la base de este trabajo

Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns

This paper provides an analysis of the distribution patterns of marine biodiversity and summarizes the major activities of the Census of Marine Life program in the Caribbean region. The coastal Caribbean region is a large marine ecosystem (LME) characterized by coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, but including other environments, such as sandy beaches and rocky shores. These tropical ecosystems incorporate a high diversity of associated flora and fauna, and the nations that border the Caribbean collectively encompass a major global marine biodiversity hot spot. We analyze the state of knowledge of marine biodiversity based on the geographic distribution of georeferenced species records and regional taxonomic lists. A total of 12,046 marine species are reported in this paper for the Caribbean region. These include representatives from 31 animal phyla, two plant phyla, one group of Chromista, and three groups of Protoctista. Sampling effort has been greatest in shallow, nearshore waters, where there is relatively good coverage of species records; offshore and deep environments have been less studied. Additionally, we found that the currently accepted classification of marine ecoregions of the Caribbean did not apply for the benthic distributions of five relatively well known taxonomic groups. Coastal species richness tends to concentrate along the Antillean arc (Cuba to the southernmost Antilles) and the northern coast of South America (Venezuela – Colombia), while no pattern can be observed in the deep sea with the available data. Several factors make it impossible to determine the extent to which these distribution patterns accurately reflect the true situation for marine biodiversity in general: (1) highly localized concentrations of collecting effort and a lack of collecting in many areas and ecosystems, (2) high variability among collecting methods, (3) limited taxonomic expertise for many groups, and (4) differing levels of activity in the study of different taxa

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e. a controlling message) compared to no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly-internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared to the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly-internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing: Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Exposición de curvas y superficies: una experiencia extraacadémica universitaria

En este artículo se comenta una experiencia extraacadémica realizada por un grupo de alumnos universitarios de matemáticas, juntamente con su profesor, en el marco de la semana de las matemáticas organizada por la facultad de Matemáticas de Sevilla para conmemorar el Año Mundial de las Matemáticas (Año 2000). La citada experiencia consistió en la realización y montaje de una exposición de curvas y superficies, cuyos objetivos generales, desarrollo y conclusiones finales constituyen la base de este trabajo

Effects of Tagetes coronopifolia and T. lemmonii (Asteraceae) essential oils in nymphs of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is performed mainly by the use of agrochemicals. Often, indiscriminate use of insecticides has resulted in the elimination of natural enemies and in the development of insecticide resistance in the target pest and in no target insects. This situation has motivated the generation and implementation of alternative strategies, such as the use of insecticidal plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the toxic effect of Tagetes coronopifolia Willd. and T. lemmonii A. Gray (Asteraceae) essential oils in D. citri third instar nymphs. Effect was evaluated by orange disc immersion method. Mortality was recorded 24 hours after applying the oils; the log dose response line Probit and the LC50 values were determined. T. coronopifolia and T. lemmonni oils were toxic to D. citri nymphs and the effect was positively related to the concentration. Highest nymph mortality (≥ 98%) with both oils was registered in concentrations of 10 mg mL-1. The LC50 estimated for T. lemmonii and T. coronopifolia oils was 0.034 and 0.094 mg mL-1, respectively. &nbsp

CRISPR/Cas9 mutations in the rice Waxy/GBSSI gene induce allele-specific and zygosity-dependent feedback effects on endosperm starch biosynthesis

Key message: Induced mutations in the waxy locus in rice endosperm did not abolish GBSS activity completely. Compensatory mechanisms in endosperm and leaves caused a major reprogramming of the starch biosynthetic machinery. Abstract: The mutation of genes in the starch biosynthesis pathway has a profound effect on starch quality and quantity and is an important target for plant breeders. Mutations in endosperm starch biosynthetic genes may impact starch metabolism in vegetative tissues such as leaves in unexpected ways due to the complex feedback mechanisms regulating the pathway. Surprisingly this aspect of global starch metabolism has received little attention. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce mutations affecting the Waxy (Wx) locus encoding granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) in rice endosperm. Our specific objective was to develop a mechanistic understanding of how the endogenous starch biosynthetic machinery might be affected at the transcriptional level following the targeted knock out of GBSSI in the endosperm. We found that the mutations reduced but did not abolish GBSS activity in seeds due to partial compensation caused by the upregulation of GBSSII. The GBSS activity in the mutants was 61–71% of wild-type levels, similarly to two irradiation mutants, but the amylose content declined to 8–12% in heterozygous seeds and to as low as 5% in homozygous seeds, accompanied by abnormal cellular organization in the aleurone layer and amorphous starch grain structures. Expression of many other starch biosynthetic genes was modulated in seeds and leaves. This modulation of gene expression resulted in changes in AGPase and sucrose synthase activity that explained the corresponding levels of starch and soluble sugars.We thank Dr. Caixia Gao (Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China) for providing pJIT163-2NLSCas9 containing the rice codonoptimized cas9, and the empty pU3-gRNA vector. We thank Professor Kimiko Itoh, Graduate School of Science and Technology (Niigata University, Japan) for providing the KUR and Musa Wx lines. This work was supported by funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (BIO2014-54426), and a Juan de la Cierva fellowship to GF (IJCI-2014-19528). LP is the recipient of MINECO fellowship. ES is the recipient of a PhD fellowship from the University of Lleida (BIO2014-54441-P).Peer Reviewe

Effects of Tagetes coronopifolia and T. lemmonii (Asteraceae) essential oils in nymphs of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is performed mainly by the use of agrochemicals. Often, indiscriminate use of insecticides has resulted in the elimination of natural enemies and in the development of insecticide resistance in the target pest and in no target insects. This situation has motivated the generation and implementation of alternative strategies, such as the use of insecticidal plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the toxic effect of Tagetes coronopifolia Willd. and T. lemmonii A. Gray (Asteraceae) essential oils in D. citri third instar nymphs. Effect was evaluated by orange disc immersion method. Mortality was recorded 24 hours after applying the oils; the log dose response line Probit and the LC50 values were determined. T. coronopifolia and T. lemmonni oils were toxic to D. citri nymphs and the effect was positively related to the concentration. Highest nymph mortality (≥ 98%) with both oils was registered in concentrations of 10 mg mL-1. The LC50 estimated for T. lemmonii and T. coronopifolia oils was 0.034 and 0.094 mg mL-1, respectively. &nbsp