Bone Metastases in Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review

Prostate cancer is a major threat to men's health around the world. Bone is the most common metastasis site in patients with prostate cancer, which may lead to bone pain, pathological fracture and spinal cord compression, and it is related to various physiological or pathological factors such as age, physical condition, and previous treatment. The occurrence of bone-related events will seriously affect the quality of life of patients. In recent years, more and more people are concerned about bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Some important international cancer organizations have issued guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer with bone metastasis. However, Clinicians still have some misunderstandings about bone metastasis of prostate cancer, especially selection of therapeutic strategies and the screening of appropriate drugs. Nowadays, the therapeutic strategies of prostate cancer with bone metastases mainly include primary lesions and bone metastases lesions. The former include surgery, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiofrequency ablation and so on. And the later is made up of bone modification drug, radiopharmaceutical, lifestyle adjustment, and symptomatic analgesic treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the status and progression of bone metastasis in prostate cancer and to explore the best diagnosis and therapeutic strategies

Dynamic spin-lattice coupling and nematic fluctuations in NaFeAs

We use inelastic neutron scattering to study acoustic phonons and spin excitations in single crystals of NaFeAs, a parent compound of iron pnictide superconductors. NaFeAs exhibits a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural transition at $T_s\approx 58$ K and a collinear antiferromagnetic (AF) order at $T_N\approx 45$ K. While longitudinal and out-of-plane transverse acoustic phonons behave as expected, the in-plane transverse acoustic phonons reveal considerable softening on cooling to $T_s$, and then harden on approaching $T_N$ before saturating below $T_N$. In addition, we find that spin-spin correlation lengths of low-energy magnetic excitations within the FeAs layer and along the $c$-axis increase dramatically below $T_s$, and show weak anomaly across $T_N$. These results suggest that the electronic nematic phase present in the paramagnetic tetragonal phase is closely associated with dynamic spin-lattice coupling, possibly arising from the one-phonon-two-magnon mechanism

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

Performance of missing transverse momentum reconstruction in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV using the CMS detector

The performance of missing transverse momentum ((p) over right arrow (miss)(T)) reconstruction algorithms for the CMS experiment is presented, using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected at the CERN LHC in 2016. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The results include measurements of the scale and resolution of (p) over right arrow (miss)(T), and detailed studies of events identified with anomalous (p) over right arrow (miss)(T). The performance is presented of a (p) over right arrow (miss)(T) reconstruction algorithm that mitigates the effects of multiple proton-proton interactions, using the "pileup per particle identification" method. The performance is shown of an algorithm used to estimate the compatibility of the reconstructed (p) over right arrow (miss)(T) with the hypothesis that it originates from resolution effects.Peer reviewe

Citrobacter sp strain GW-M Mediates the Coexistence of Carbonate Minerals with Various Morphologies

To better understand the formation mechanism of carbonate minerals by microbes, culture experiments with a duration of 70days were performed under the mediation of strain GW-M isolated from soil using modified Lagoa Vermelha (LV, a hypersaline coastal Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) medium with 6:1 Mg/Ca molar ratio. The results demonstrated that strain GW-M can mediate the formations of both high-Mg calcite and aragonite and that dumbbell-, cauliflower-, rhombohedra-shaped, and irregular minerals coexist in the modified LV medium. The amount of rhombohedra-shaped crystals increased significantly with culture time. A proposed mechanism for these formations is the following. Heterogeneous nucleation on the surface of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) always occurred, and carbonates with irregular shape existed in experimental products at any stages. The morphologies evolved from rod to dumbbell and finally to cauliflower. At the initial stage (till day 20), hydrogen ions and EPS secreted by the bacteria only influenced the microenvironment around the cells, and carbonates were precipitated on the surface of bacterial cells. At the middle and late stages (on days 45 and 70), microbes and their secretions influenced the whole medium. Under these conditions, rhombohedra-shaped crystals were formed when homogeneous nucleation occurred. In addition, the results of energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) showed that Mg contents in the synthesized carbonate minerals with rhombohedra-shaped were significantly lower than those of carbonates with other shapes, though relationship between morphology and species of mineral cannot be obtained by this phenomenon alone. These results shed further light on the mechanism of carbonate precipitation in the presence of microbes.</p