Plant regeneration via indirect somatic embryogenesis and optimisation of genetic transformation in Coffea arabica L. cvs. Caturra and Catua\ued

A protocol for Coffea arabica L. cvs. Caturra and Catua\ued plant regeneration via indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) was established. Furthermore, a biolistic mediated genetic transformation protocol was optimized for Catua\ued callus aggregates. Maximum callus induction was obtained when Caturra (87%) and Catua\ued (67%) leaves were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with 18.56 \u3bcM kinetin and 4.52 \u3bcM2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Catua\ued suspension cultures were established from embryogenic callus using liquid proliferation CP and Sli media and diffused light and darkness. The higher suspension cultures fresh weight was obtained using Erlenmeyer (1425.4 \ub1 354.9 mg) than Recipient for Automated Temporary Immersion System (RITA\uae) (518.6 \ub1 55.1 mg), whereas the dry weight of suspension cultures was not significantly affected by the culture system used. Higher number of embryos per vessel (307.6 \ub1 49.0) and their fresh weight (9.6 \ub1 1.5 mg) were obtained with semisolid R medium than S3 medium. The highest somatic embryo development (25.0 \ub1 2.7) and fresh weight (780.0 \ub1 85.4 mg) were obtained with 1 min of immersion every 8 hrs. Higher fresh weight of regenerated plantlets was obtained with liquid Yasuda medium in RITA\uae (124.6 \ub1 16.3 mg) than semisolid media (36.3 \ub1 11.3 mg). For genetic transformation, the effect of helium pressure (900 and 1550 psi), and target distance (9 and 12 cm) and plasmid (pCAMBIA 1301, pCAMBIA 1305.2 and pCAMBIA 1301-BAR) on transient uidA expression Catua\ued suspension cultures were evaluated. The highest number of blue spots was obtained using 900 psi and 9 cm (125.8 \ub1 17.3). Stable uidA expression was observed on Catua\ued callus aggregates transformed with pCAMBIA 2301 and cultured on 100 mg l-1 of kanamycin

El Tamaño del Plato no Afecta la Ingesta Energética de Personas con Sobrepeso y Obesidad

Se comparó el efecto de dos tamaños de plato sobre la ingesta energética en una situación de laboratorio. Los participantes fueron expuestos a platos de 26 cm y 22.5 cm de diámetro con 730 g de pasta disponible para comer lo que desearan en dos sesiones experimentales. En un segundo experimento fueron expuestos a las mismas condiciones con la excepción de que ellos debían servirse la cantidad que desearan comer. Se midió el IMC y la ingesta energética. Se aplicó la Escala Análoga Visual (EVA) para medir el nivel de saciedad. Los participantes con normopeso consumieron más alimento del plato pequeño que del plato grande, mientras que los participantes con sobrepeso y obesidad reportaron ingesta energética similar en todas las condiciones. No se encontró correlación entre el tamaño de platos y nivel de saciedad. Se discutieron los resultados con base en las estrategias para el control de la ingesta energética en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad

Levels of Participants Satisfaction with Initial Contact and Examination Visit: The Hispanic Community Health Study/ Study of Latinos (HCHS /SOL)

Objective: This study examined perceived satisfaction among Hispanic/Latino individuals who participated in a baseline examination for the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a large cohort study of 16,415 adults living in four selected communities. Method: An estimated 22% (n= 3,584) of participants completed a questionnaire regarding satisfaction with staff attention, the overall experience during the study examination, and the influence of the informed consent digital video disc (DVD). Results: The majority of participants who completed the questionnaire expressed overall satisfaction with the study. Most participants reported that staff were friendly, courteous and respectful and study test procedures were clearly explained. Participants who preferred to complete the interview in Spanish felt that the informed consent DVD positively influenced their ability to make an informed decision to enroll in the study. Participants who preferred to complete the interview in English tended to report that the baseline examination was longer than expected compared with participants who completed the interview in Spanish. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that culturally and linguistically trained staff and the use of the study’s informed consent DVD were effective in explaining study procedures and positively influenced decisions to participate in the HCHS/SOL study. These results can inform recruitment and enrollment strategies for future participation of minority groups into longitudinal cohort studies. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(3):435-442; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.435 </p

Effect of the elicitation with magnetic field of corn seeds on the development and nutrition of sprouts

Objective: To evaluate the effect of exposing corn seeds to a 100 mT magnetic field (MF) on their sprout development. Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments (0, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes of MF exposure) with three repetitions (72 experimental units). From the germination process, the gibberellic acid concentration (GA3) and α-amylase activity were determined, morphometric and biochemical parameters of the foliar tissue from the sprouts were measured, such as total phenols, flavonoids, and catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and phenylalanium ammonium lyase (PAL) activities. Finally, some nutritional quality parameters of the sprouts were quantified, such as protein and ash content. Results: The results showed that the treatment of corn seeds with a MF had a favorable effect on the germination process increasing the GA3 concentration. Also, improvement in the development and quality of the sprouts, by increasing the growth of the shoot, root length, concentration of phenolic compounds and ash content in corn sprouts was found. Limitations on study/implications: escalate elicitation to the field level. Findings/conclusions: The elicitation of corn seeds with a magnetic field generates positive changes that transcend the corn sprouts

Association between walking pace and diabetes: findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017

Background: Walking pace is a well-known indicator of physical capability, but it is also a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is a lack of evidence on the association between walking pace and T2D, specifically, within developing countries such as Chile. Aim: To investigate the association between self-reported walking pace and T2D in the Chilean adult population. Methods: 5520 Chilean participants (aged 15 to 90 years, 52.1% women) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017 were included in this cross-sectional study. Both walking pace (slow, average, and brisk) and diabetes data were collected through self-reported methods. Fasting blood glucose (reported in mg/dl) and glycosylated haemoglobin A (HbA1c) scores were determined via blood exams. Results: In the unadjusted model, and compared to people who reported a slow walking pace, those with average and brisk walking pace had lower blood glucose levels (β = −7.74 mg/dL (95% CI: −11.08 to −4.40) and β = −11.05 mg/dL (95% CI: −14.36 to −7.75), respectively) and lower HbA1c (β = −0.34% (95% CI: −0.57 to −0.11) and β= −0.72% (95% CI: −0.94 to −0.49)), respectively. After adjusting for sociodemographic, Body Mass Index and lifestyle factors, the association between glycaemia and HbA1c remained only for brisk walkers. Both the average and brisk walker categories had lower odds of T2D (OR: 0.59 (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.84) and (OR 0.48 (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.79), respectively). Conclusion: Brisk walkers were associated with lower blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Moreover, average to brisk walking pace also showed a lower risk for T2D

Non-lysosomal Activation in Macrophages of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) After Infection With Piscirickettsia salmonis

Piscirickettsia salmonis is a facultative intracellular pathogen and etiological agent of the systemic disease salmonid rickettsial septicemia. It has been suggested that P. salmonis is able to survive in host macrophages, localized within a vacuole like-compartment which prevents lysosomal degradation. However, the relevant aspects of the pathogenesis of P. salmonis as the host modulation that allow its intracellular survival have been poorly characterized. In this study, we evaluated the role of lysosomes in the response to P. salmonis infection in macrophage-enriched cell cultures established from Atlantic salmon head kidneys. Bacterial infection was confirmed using confocal microscopy. A gentamicin protection assay was performed to recover intracellular bacteria and the 16S rDNA copy number was quantified through quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to determine the replication of P. salmonis within macrophages. Lysosomal activity in Atlantic salmon macrophage-enriched cell cultures infected with P. salmonis was evaluated by analyzing the lysosomal pH and proteolytic ability through confocal microscopy. The results showed that P. salmonis can survive ≥120 h in Atlantic salmon macrophage-enriched cell cultures, accompanied by an increase in the detection of the 16S rDNA copy number/cell. The latter finding suggests that P. salmonis also replicates in Atlantic salmon macrophage-enriched cell cultures. Moreover, this bacterial survival and replication appears to be favored by a perturbation of the lysosomal degradation system. We observed a modulation in the total number of lysosomes and lysosomal acidification following infection with P. salmonis. Collectively, the results of this study showed that infection of Atlantic salmon macrophages with P. salmonis induced limited lysosomal response which may be associated with host immune evasion mechanisms of P. salmonis that have not been previously reported

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Servicios ecosistémicos en el Chaco Húmedo Paraguayo: retos para el manejo basado en los ecosistemas

Para contar con información necesaria para promover estrategias de gestión basada en ecosistemas, se evaluaron servicios ecosistémicos en un área ganadera en el Chaco Húmedo Paraguayo. Se estudió captura de carbono en biomasa forestal, captura de carbono en el suelo de humedales, calidad del agua de humedales, conectividad funcional de isletas forestales, valoración económica de un sistema silvopastoril basado en pasturasy bosques nativos, e infiltración y evaporación del agua en el suelo. Para ello, se aplicaron diferentes metodologías con un enfoque multidisciplinario. Los resultados informan sobre estos servicios ecosistémicos y su interacción con la ganadería, actividad instalada desde hace varias generaciones,aprovechando pastizales naturales inundables. A partir de esta evaluación, se realizaron recomendaciones para la continuidad de estos servicios, con actualización cartográfica de las unidades de vegetación. Los humedales del sitio de estudio, además de capturar carbono, se encuentran en un buen estado de conservación. La ganadería ha tenido impactos negativos ocasionales y puntuales en la calidad del agua que, sin embargo, son corregibles. Las isletas forestales del área de estudio permiten la conectividad biológica para Alouatta caraya, sin embargo, es aún necesario realizar estudios similares para otras especies. Los pastizales con palmares ofrecen un mayor valor forrajero en comparación con los pastizales con bosque, por otro lado, la captura de carbono en el bosque resultó en un valor económico que supera en más del doble al del palmar ocupando una superficie seis veces menor. Los ensayos de infiltración destacaron el papel de los bosques y árboles individuales en la mejora de este servicio, especialmente relevante para los suelos inundables de esta región. El mosaico de formaciones vegetales naturales del Chaco Húmedo plantea la necesidad del manejo basado en el conocimiento del funcionamiento de los distintos ecosistemas.In order to obtain necessary information to promote ecosystem-based management strategies, ecosystem services were assessed in a cattle rangeland in the Paraguayan Humid Chaco. Carbon sequestration in forest biomass, carbon sequestration in wetlands soil, water quality in wetlands, functional connectivity of forest islets, economic valuation of a silvopastoral system based on native savannas and forests, and infiltration and evaporation of water in the soil were studied. Different methodologies were applied with a multidisciplinary approach. Results give information about these ecosystem services and their interaction with livestock rearing, activity installed for several generations, taking advantage of frequently-flooded native savannas. From these assessments, recommendations were made for the improvement and restoration of these services, with cartographic updating of the vegetation units. Wetlands in the study site, in addition to carbon sequestration, are in a good state of conservation. Livestock rearing has had occasional and isolated negative impacts on water quality, which, nonetheless can be corrected. Forest islets present in the study area allow biological connectivity of Alouatta caraya, however, it’s still necessary to conduct similar analysis for other species. Regarding livestock production, palm groves/savannas systems offer a higher fodder value than forests/savannas, on the other hand, carbon sequestration in the forest resulted in an economic value that is more than double that of the palm groves occupying a surface six times smaller. Infiltration trials emphasized the role of individual forests and trees in improving infiltration, especially relevant to floodable soils in this region. The mosaic of natural plant formations in the Humid Chaco raises the need for a management based on the knowledge of the functioning of the different ecosystems