One-pot synthesis of (Z)-B-sulfonyl enoates from ethyl propiolate

B-Sulfonyl enoates may be synthesized through a one-pot two-step sequence from ethyl propiolate with good to excellent selectivity for the Z isomer. Trialkylamines catalyze thioconjugate additions of aryl thiols, and alkoxides catalyze the addition of aliphatic thiols. Addition of meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) and LiClO4 to the reaction mixture provides rapid access to the sulfonyl enoates. Yields of the pure Z isomer range from 51 – 90%

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

The search for common genetic determinants of pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease-related traits

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at [email protected]. Thank you.Background: As Alzheimer's disease (AD) becomes an increasingly urgent public health problem, much effort has been made by medical researchers and public health professionals to further our understanding of AD etiology and causal factors that contribute toward its onset, progression, and severity. AD research has recently focused on identifying and examining preclinical traits associated with the onset and progression of AD with the goals of early detection discovery, mechanism elucidation, and ultimately treatment and prevention. By understanding the genetic components that make one susceptible to pre-clinical traits that are correlated with future development of AD, we can increase our understanding of what and how genes are involved in the molecular pathways as well as identify risk factors that contribute to the onset of a presently elusive, costly, and devastating disease. Specific Aims: This study sought to complete the following; identify MRI and cognitive endophenotypes that are co-heritable with the future onset of Alzheimer's disease; determine cross-trait co-heritability of endophenotypes heritable with AD; select a co-heritable endophenotype combination that has predictive value for AD development; assess which potential genes may be responsible for the co-heritability of this endophenotype combination and prepare for further candidate gene analysis. Methods: Data from the Framingham Heart Study was analyzed to determine heritability of MRI and cognitive endophenotypes with AD development, and co-heritability of the traits with each other. A bivariate, Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was then conducted on the selected MRI-cognitive endophenotype combination to determine which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are most associated with co-heritability of the selected trait combination. The results of the GWAS directed further study, including gene-based association studies and assessment of protein interaction pathways, that resulted in selection of potential candidate genes. Results: Twenty-four MRI and cognitive traits were found to be heritable with future AD onset. The most co-heritable MRI and cognitive trait combination among the AD-heritable traits was temporal horn brain volume (THBV) and trail-making test B (TrB) scores. This combination was selected to drive our hypothesis of a significant association between pre-clinical endophenotypes and future AD. The GWAS results indicate that several SNP markers are associated with the co-heritability of THBV and TrB scores. Subsequent regional analyses implicate several genes likely to be causally involved in expression of this endophenotype expression, including SPON1, which directly interacts with APP. Based on a combination of evidence, the genes selected for candidate gene analysis are SPON1, DICER1, GPR177, ADCY9, VAMP3, and FOXF2. Conclusion: Our study validated several previous findings of MRI and cognitive heritability with AD. We then used estimates of co-heritability to successfully run a bivariate analysis of two pre-clinical traits to identify genes explaining their impact on future AD development. The genes selected for candidate gene analysis appear to be involved in amyloid precursor protein processing, which is the primary pathway that leads to plaque deposition and AD pathology. Further study of these genes, especially SPON1, will allow for determination of replicable findings, assessment of whether the candidate genes are causative, and determination of whether these genes are also related to progression and severity of AD symptoms. Importantly, this method of gene discovery, through bivariate analyses of pre-clinical traits, allows for insights into disease susceptibility, molecular pathways, early detection, and more focused treatments

Aortic Valve Surgery: Fix the Valve or Use a New One?

Surgical replacement of the diseased aortic valve (SAVR) has been implemented for over half a century as the surgery of choice to prolong the lifespan of this population of patients [...

sj-tif-1-inv-10.1177_15569845231210282 – Supplemental material for Outcomes Comparison of Robot-Assisted and Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation

Supplemental material, sj-tif-1-inv-10.1177_15569845231210282 for Outcomes Comparison of Robot-Assisted and Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation by Kelsey Melinosky, Albert Leng, Christopher R. Johnson, Katherine Giuliano Verdi, Eric W. Etchill, Harikrishna Tandri, Malcolm V. Brock and Jinny S. Ha in Innovations</p

Racial disparities among patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the pre–Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Coronavirus Disease 2019 eras: A retrospective registry reviewCentral MessagePerspective

Objectives: Although many studies have addressed such disparities caused by COVID-19, to our knowledge, no study has focused on the association of race on outcomes for patients with COVID-19 requiring venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. The goal of this study was to assess association of race on death and duration on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in both the pre–COVID-19 and COVID-19 eras. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry and included adults (≥18 years) who required venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between January 2019 and April 2021. We performed descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. Our primary outcomes were death and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration. Results: A total of 7477 patients were included after excluding 340 patients (4.3%) who were missing race data. In the COVID-19 era, 1474 of 2777 COVID-19–positive patients (53.1%) died. Our regression model suggested somewhat of a protective effect on death for Black and multiple race patients. Additionally, a diagnosis of COVID-19 and patients in the COVID-19 era in general, irrespective of COVID-19 diagnosis, had higher odds of death. Hispanic patients had the longest average venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run times. Conclusions: Our study using data from the international Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry provides updated data on patients supported with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the pre–COVID-19 and COVID-19 eras between 2019 and 2021 with a focus on race. Patients in the COVID-19 era group also had higher mortality compared with those in the pre–COVID-19 era even after being adjusted for COVID-19 diagnosis. Black and multiple races appeared somewhat protective in terms of death. Hispanic race was associated with longer venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration